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psychodynamic approach Flashcards

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1
Q

psychodynamic approach definition

A

a perspective that describes the different forces (dynamics), most of which are unconscious, that operate on mind and direct human behaviour and experience

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2
Q

the unconscious definition

A

the part of the mind that we are unaware of but which directs much of our behaviour

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3
Q

the Id definition

A

entirely unconscious, the Id is made up of selfish and aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification

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4
Q

ego definition

A

the reality check that balances the conflicting demands of the Id and the superego

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5
Q

superego definition

A

the moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self - how we ought to be

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6
Q

defence mechanisms definition

A

unconscious strategies that the ego uses to mange the conflict between the Id and superego

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7
Q

psychosexual stages definition

A

5 developmental stages that all children pass through. at each stage there is a different conflict, the outcome of which determines future development

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8
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages

A

-oral
-anal
-phallic
-latency
-genital

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9
Q

what age is the oral stage

A

0-1 years

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10
Q

what age is the anal stage

A

1-3 years

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11
Q

what age is the phallic stage

A

3-6 years

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12
Q

description of the oral stage

A

focus of pleasure is the mouth, mother’s breast can be the object of desire

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13
Q

description of the anal stage

A

focus of pleasure is the anus. child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces

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14
Q

description of the phallic stage

A

focus of pleasure is genital area

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15
Q

description of latency stage

A

earlier conflicts are repressed

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16
Q

description of genital stage

A

sexual desires become conscious alongside the onset of puberty

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17
Q

consequence of unresolved conflict of the oral stage

A

oral fixation - smoking, biting nails, sarcastic and critical

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18
Q

consequence of unresolved conflict of the annal stage

A

anal retentive - perfectionist, obsessive
anal expulsive - thoughtless, messy

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19
Q

consequence of unresolved conflict of the phallic stage

A

phallic personality - narcissistic, reckless

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20
Q

consequence of unresolved conflict of the genital stage

A

difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

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21
Q

who is the main psychodynamic psychologist

A

Freud

22
Q

what did Freud suggest about consciousness

A

the part of the mind that we know about and are aware of, the conscious mind, is the tip of the iceberg. most of our mind is made of the unconscious- a vast storehouse of biological drives and instincts that has a significant influence on our behaviour and personality

23
Q

what is in the unconscious

A

also contain threatening and disturbing memories that have been repressed, or locked away and forgotten

24
Q

how can unconscious be accessed

A

during dreams of Freudian slips (freud called parapraxes) an example is calling a female teacher mum

25
Q

preconscious

A

under the surface of the conscious mind is the preconscious which contains thoughts and memories which are not currently in conscious awareness but we can access of desired

26
Q

how did Freud describe the structure of personality

A

tripartie - composed of 3 parts

27
Q

what are the 3 parts of personality

A

-Id
-Ego
-Superego

28
Q

what is the Id

A

primitive part of personality. it operates in the pleasure principle - the Id gets what it wants. it is seething mass of unconscious drives and instincts. only the Id is present at birth ( Freud described babies as being bundles of Id). throughout life the Id is entirely selfish and demands instant gratification of its needs

29
Q

what is the ego

A

works on reality principle and the the mediator between the other two parts of the personality. the ego develops around the age of 2 and role is to reduce the conflict between the demands of the Id and the Superego. it manages this by employing a number of defence mechanisms

30
Q

what is the superego

A

formed at the end of the phallic stage, around the age of 5. it is our internalised sense of right and wrong based on morality principle it represents the moral standards of the child’s same-gender parent and punishes the Ego for wrongdoing

31
Q

when do each stage of personality develop

A

-Id at birth
-Ego around age 2
-Superego end of phallic stage around age 5

32
Q

what do the psychosexual stages show

A

child development

33
Q

what does each psychosexual stage have

A

a different conflict (except latency) the child must resolve in order to progress successfully to next stage

34
Q

unresolved psychosexual conflict results in

A

fixation where the child becomes stuck and carries certain behaviours and conflicts associated with the stage through to adult life

35
Q

what are the 3 defence mechanisms of the ego

A

-repression
-denial
-displacement

36
Q

what is repression

A

forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

37
Q

what is denial

A

refusing to acknowledge some aspect of reality

38
Q

what is displacement

A

transferring feelings from true source of distressing emotion onto a substitute target

39
Q

why does ego use defence mechanisms

A

Ego has a difficult job balancing the conflicting demands of the Id and Superego

40
Q

what are defence mechanisms

A

unconscious and ensure that the Ego is able to prevent is form being overwhelmed by temporary threats or traumas.

41
Q

what can defence mechanisms result in

A

often involve some form of distortion of reality and as a long-term solution they are regarded as psychologically unhealthy and undesirable

42
Q

who did Freud do a case study of

A

Little Hans

43
Q

what did Freud claim about the oedipus complex

A

in the phallic stage, boys develop incestuous feelings towards their mother and murderous feeling towards their father. fearing that the their father will castrate them, boys repress their feelings for their mother and identify with the father, taking on his gender roles and moral values

44
Q

what did Freud claim about the Electra complex

A

suggest girls of the same age (phallic stage) experience penis envy they desire their father as the penis is the primary love object and hate their mother. although Freud was clear about processes for girls, they are thought to desire their father over time and replace this desire for a baby (identifying with their mother in the process)

45
Q

how did little hans support Freuds theory of the oedipus complex

A

Hans was a 5 year old boy who developed a phobia of horses after seeing one collapse in the street. Freud suggested that Hans’s phobia was a form of displacement in which his repressed fear of his father was transferred onto horses. Thus, horses were a symbolic representation of his Han’s real fear - the fear of castration experienced in the Oedipus complex

46
Q

strength of the psychodynamic approach - real-world application

A

-introduced the idea of psychotherapy (as opposed to physical treatments)
-Freud also bought to the world a new form of therapy -psychoanalysis. this was the first attempt to treat mental disorder psychologically rather than physically. the new therapy employed a range of techniques designed to access the unconscious, such as dream analysis. psychoanalysis calms to help clients by bringing their repressed emotions into the conscious mind so they can be delt with. psychanalysis is a forerunner to many modern day talking therapies such as counselling –> shows the value of psychodynamic approach in creating a new approach to treatment

47
Q

limitation of the psychodynamic approach - counterpoint to real world application

A

-although Freudian therapists have claimed success for many clients with mild neuroses, psychoanalysis is regarded as inappropriate, even harmful, for people experiencing more serious mental disorders (such as schizophrenia) many of the symptoms of schizophrenia, such as paranoia and delusional thinking, mean that these with the disorder have lost their grip on reality and cannot articulate thoughts in the way required by psychoanalysis –> suggests that Freudian therapy (and theory) may not apply to all mental disorders

48
Q

strength of the psychodynamic approach - explanatory power

A

-ability to explain human behaviour
-Freud’s theory is controversial in many ways, an occasionally bizarre, but has had a huge influence of psychology and contemporary thought. alongside behaviourism, the psychodynamic approach remained a key force in psychology for the first half of the 20th centaury and ahs been used to explain a wide range if phenomena including personality development and gender identity, the approach is also significant in drawing attention to the connections between experiences in childhood , such as relationship with our parents and our later development –> suggests that overall approach has had a positive impact on psychology - and also literature, art and other human endeavours

49
Q

limitation of the psychodynamic approach - untestable concepts

A

-much of it is untestable
-philosopher of science Popper argues that the psychodynamic approach does not meet the scientific criterion of falsification. it is not open to empirical testing and possibility for being disproved. many of Freud’s concepts (such as Id and Oedipus complex) are at an unconscious level, making it difficult, if not impossible to test. furthermore, his ideas were based on the subjective study of single individuals, such as little Hans, which makes it difficult to make universal claims about human behaviour –> suggests Freud’s theory was pseudoscientific (not a real science) rather than established fact

50
Q

evaluation of the psychodynamic approach - psychic determinism

A

the psychodynamic approach suggests that much of behaviour is determined by unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood. Freud believed there is no such thing as an accident. even something as random as a slip of the tongue is driven by unconscious forces and has deep meaning. critics claim this is an extreme view because it dismisses any possible influence of free will on behaviour

psychology~ approaches (9 decks)

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