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Psychology A2 > Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches > Flashcards

Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the psychodynamic approach originate from?

A

Work of Sigmund Freud (founder of psychoanalysis)

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2
Q

What are the 4 pieces in the psychodynamic approach?

A

Role of the unconscious, the structure of personality, defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages

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3
Q

What metaphor does Freud use when talking about the role of the unconscious?

A

Iceburg - most of it is hidden beneath the surface (big store)

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4
Q

What did Freud argue our everyday actions and behaviours were controlled by?

A

Our unconscious mind

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5
Q

When do things end up in the unconscious?

A

When they threaten us - may be mentally painful or unacceptable

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6
Q

How do we protect ourselves from threatening thoughts in the unconscious?

A

Forcing them out of our conscious mind - this process is called repression

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7
Q

How do we get glimpses of things in the unconscious mind?

A

Through slips of the tongue - Freudian slips PARAPRAXES

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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ‘iceberg’?

A

Conscious, preconscious (memories) and unconscious

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the structure of the personality?

A

ID (instincts) Ego (reality) and Superego (morality)

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10
Q

What is the ID driven by?

A

Pleasure principle

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11
Q

What is the ego driven by?

A

Reality principle

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12
Q

What is the superego driven by?

A

Morality principle

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13
Q

When is the ID present from and why?

A

Birth as it wants all desires, wants and needs fulfilled otherwise there is a state of anxiety (wanting feeding and crying)

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14
Q

What sort of behaviour would we have if we constantly followed ID instincts?

A

Disruptive and socially unacceptable (Queuing)

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15
Q

What is the ego ensuring?

A

ID impulses are expressed in an acceptable manner - balances ID and Superego

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16
Q

What can ID impulses be satisfied through?

A

A process of delayed gratification (ego eventually allowing the behaviour when appropriate)

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17
Q

Where does the ego function?

A

In the conscious, preconscious and unconscious

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18
Q

What does the superego hold?

A

All of our moral standards that we acquire from parents and society

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19
Q

When does our sense of right and wrong emerge? (psychodynamic approach)

A

Around age 5

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20
Q

What are the 2 parts of the superego?

A

The ego ideal - rules and standards of good behaviour (obeying these leads to feelings of pride and value)
The conscience - information of things viewed as bad by parents and society (its present is effective in all parts of the iceberg)

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21
Q

What is a person with good ego strength able to manage?

A

pressures of mediating between ID and Superego

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22
Q

What does the ego use to deal with conflicts in life?

A

Defence mechanisms (repression, displacement and denial) operating on an unconcious level

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23
Q

What is repression?

A

unconcious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and ‘repressed memories’ have been unconsciously blocked

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24
Q

What is displacement?

A

Redirecting of thoughts, feelings and impulses, used when they cannot express their emotions in a safe manner (boss - girlfriend)

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25
Q

What is denial?

A

Refusal to accept reality or fact - characteristic of early childhood development - avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of life

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26
Q

What does the term libido mean according to Freud?

A

Part of the ID driving all behaviour - represented all psychic energy - as children this energy is directed to different parts of the body

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27
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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28
Q

Explain the oral stage…

A

Age 0-1, interaction with mouth, ID develops in this stage

29
Q

How does fixation occur in the oral stage?

A

Through insufficient and forceful feeding - chewing, sucking, nail biting in later life

30
Q

Explain the anal stage…

A

Age 1-3, pleasure in controlling bowel and bladder movements, ID develops at this stage

31
Q

How does fixation occur in the anal stage?

A

Parents being too lenient/strict with toilet training.
L - messy personality ANAL EXPULSIVE
S - perfectionist personality ANAL RETENTIVE

32
Q

Explain the phallic stage…

A

3-6, pleasure in genital area, discovering difference in sexes, feelings of attraction towards other sex parent and envy of the other

33
Q

How does fixation occur in the phallic stage?

A

Either learn to control envy and identify with same sex parent. Consequences of not - recklessness and homosexuality?

34
Q

What is the oedipus and electra complex?

A

O - boys - castration anxiety through fear of punishment by father
E - girls - penis envy - believes its been removed so to contemplate for loss girl wants child with father

35
Q

Explain the latency stage…

A

6-11, Ego develops, no source of pleasure and earlier conflicts are repressed, focus on social areas. self confidence is important at this stage

36
Q

Explain the genital stage…

A

11+ years, sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty, pursuit for sexual relationships

37
Q

How does fixation occur in the genital stage?

A

Can lead to difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships

38
Q

What supporting evidence can you use for the oedipus complex?

A

Little Hans case study - Freud interpreted that the horses resembled Hans father and the anxiety Hans felt was a result of castration anxiety triggered by mothers threat

39
Q

What are 3 criticisms of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Freud relied heavily on case studies - not generalisable
His interpretations were highly subjective - others may draw different conclusions
His concepts are untestable (unconscious mind) UNABLE TO DISPROVE AND IMPOSSIBLE TO TEST

40
Q

What is the main strength of the psychodynamic approach?

A

Led to the development of psychoanalysis - range of techniques to assess the unconscious mind - hypnosis and dream therapy
CAN BE CRITICISED AS INAPPROPRIATE FOR PEOPLE WITH SERIOUS DISORDERS SUCH AS SCHIZO.

41
Q

When was the humanistic approach developed?

A

In America in early 1950’s

42
Q

Who’s work did the humanistic approach emerge from?

A

Maslow and Rogers

43
Q

What is the humanistic approach concerned with?

A

Individual human experiences, uniqueness, meaning, freedom and choice

44
Q

What do Maslow and Rogers reject? (H approach)

A

Scientific models to ‘generalise’ theories of learning

45
Q

What does the humanistic approach believe we all are?

A

Active agents - all unique

46
Q

What is the therapy brought out of the humanistic approach?

A

Person-centered therapy/client-centered therapy

47
Q

What are the main assumptions of the humanistic approach? (4)

A

Focus on individuals not look for general laws
Consider on the whole person ‘holism’
People need to ‘self actualise’ - make the most of life
PEOPLE HAVE FREEWILL - psychologists need to take this into account

48
Q

What do humanistic psychologists believe we should not study?

A

Animals behaviour as it is way too different to humans

49
Q

What are the 3 main ideas in the humanistic approach?

A

Freewill
Self-actualising tendency
The self, congruence and conditions of worth

50
Q

What does the freewill factor in the H approach say about when we make decisions?

A

That they are not determined by biological and external factors

51
Q

What are all other approaches that the humanistic one is not?

A

Determinist as it claims we are self determind

52
Q

We are active agents according to the H approach but this does not mean we aren’t affected by what?

A

External factors, we do still make decisions ourselves though

53
Q

What is self actualisation?

A

Innate tendency to achieve our full potential as it is essential to personal growth

54
Q

As well as self actualisation what do we also exercise?

A

organismic value - naturally moving away from whats bad for you

55
Q

How can we explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to do with the H approach?

A

To reach self actualisation you must first fulfill the needs of the lower levels before growth needs

56
Q

What are the compartments of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological - safety - love - esteem - self actualisation

57
Q

What does Rogers state in H approach we need to be a healthy individual?

A

Congruence between the way we see ourselves and our ideal self (the person we want to be)

58
Q

If there is a big gap between our self and ideal self what will we not be able to do?

A

Self-actualise as we will never be happy enough - feelings of INCONGRUENCE where we have low self esteem because of this gap

59
Q

What did Rogers develop in the H approach to help deal with feelings of incongruence?

A

Client centered therapy to make the gap more realistic

60
Q

When are we in a state of congruence?

A

When our view of our self is closely matched with our ideal self

61
Q

What does Rogers argue many of the problems people have in their lives arise from?

A

Feelings of incongruence

62
Q

Where do the feelings of incongruence arise from?

A

Childhood, where a due to a lack of UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (love, feelings of value) from parents we develop negative feelings about yourself

63
Q

What are conditions of worth?

A

Parents who put conditions on their love for us (UPR)

64
Q

What does parents setting boundaries on the love for their children storing up?

A

Psychological problems for the child in the future

65
Q

What are the key concepts of client centered therapy CCT? (4)

A

Focus on helping client feel more accepted
Non-directive (doesn’t call them patient)
Role of therapist is to facilitate clients own understanding
Basd on organismic value - client knows whats best

66
Q

What is the aim of CCT?

A

Increase feelings of self worth and reduce incongruence gap

67
Q

What are the 3 key skills CCT uses?

A

Empathy
Active listening
Genuineness of the therapist

68
Q

What are the 3 strengths of the humanistic approach?

A

Widely applied in real world - therapeutic approaches form basis of most counsellings
Maslow’s ideas are very influential in business and management
Brings the idea of the person back to the centre

69
Q

What are the 3 weaknesses of the humanistic approach?

A

Lacks cross cultural validity
CCT is only suitable for people who want to change
Humanistic psychology is not scientific as lack of empirical evidence

Psychology A2 (6 decks)

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