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psychodynamic Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 assumptions?

A

the influence of childhood
experiences are all important

the belief in an unconscious mind

the tripartite personality

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2
Q

what does Freud refer to the mind as being like?

A

an iceberg

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3
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages of development in order?
give the ages for each

A

oral (0-18 months)
anal (18 months - 3 years)
phallic (3-5 years)
latency (5 years - puberty)
genital (puberty onwards)

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4
Q

what is the source of pleasure and the key event for the oral stage?

A

mouth (sucking/chewing) + breast feeding

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5
Q

what is the source of pleasure and the key event for the anal stage?

A

anus (withholding/expelling/playing with faeces) + potty training

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6
Q

what is the source of pleasure and the key event for the phallic stage?

A

genitals (masturbation) + the oedipus complex leads to supergo and gender identity

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7
Q

what is the source of pleasure and the key event for the latency stage?

A

little/no sexual motivation + acquiring knowledge and understanding of the world

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8
Q

what is the source of pleasure and the key event for the genital stage?

A

genitals (heterosexual intercourse)

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9
Q

what 2 things can fixation occur through?

A

frustration and overindulgence

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10
Q

what does having fixation at a particular stage effect?

A

personality when they’re older

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11
Q

what is the outcome of fixation at the oral stage? (both frustration and overindulgence)

A

frustration - envy, sarcasm
overindulgence - optimism, neediness

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12
Q

what is the outcome of fixation at the anal stage? (both frustration and overindulgence)

A

frustration - stubborn, overly tidy
overindulgence - messy, disorganised, impulsive

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13
Q

what is the outcome of fixation at the phallic stage?

A

self-assured, vain, may have problems with sexuality, difficult building/maintaining relationships

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14
Q

what is the outcome of fixation at the latency stage?

A

no fixations as there is no pleasure focus

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15
Q

what is the outcome of fixation at the genital stage?

A

well developed, adult personality, well adjusted

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16
Q

what are the 3 parts of the mind?

A

conscious, pre conscious, unconscious

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17
Q

what does each part contain?

A

information we are fully aware of at any time
easily recalled memories and thoughts
personal information we are not aware of and can’t be easily recalled

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18
Q

what are 5 defence mechanisms?

A

repression
denial
projection
displacement
regression

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19
Q

describe repression and give an example

A

an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming actions

during the oedipus complex aggressive thoughts about same sex parents may be repressed

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20
Q

describe denial and give an example

A

involved blocking external events from awareness. If some situations are just too much to handle, the person refuses to experience it

smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health

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21
Q

describe projection and give an example

A

this involves individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person

you might hate someone but your superego tells you such hatred is unacceptable so you ‘solve’ the problem by thinking they hate you

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22
Q

describe displacement and give an example

A

satisfying an impulse (e.g aggression) with a substitute object

someone who is frustrated by his or her boss at work may go home and kick their dog

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23
Q

describe regression and give an example

A

this is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress

a child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they need to spend some time in the hospital

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24
Q

what 3 parts does Freud believe the personality is made up of?

A

id
ego
superego

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25
Q

what is the id and what does it work off?
what age does it develop?

A

works off the pleasure principle and is the impulsive part of our personality
present from birth

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26
Q

what is the ego and what is it motivated by?
what age does it develop?

A

it is the conscious and rational part of the mind. motivated by the reality principle. acts as the referee between the id and the superego
2 years old

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27
Q

what is the superego and how is it learned?
what age does it develop?

A

it embodies the sense of right and wrong/it is our conscience. learned through identification with one’s parent and others
4 years old

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28
Q

apply DRAINS to this approach

A

Determinist
Reductionist & Holistic
Has practical applications
Idiographic & Nomothetic
Interactionist
Non-scientific

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29
Q

how is this approach determinist? is this strength or weakness and why?

A

a person’s behaviour is related to their childhood experiences and the unaccessible urges and forces in their unconscious mind.
weakness - humans are capable of exercising some control over their behaviour and theories which fail to recognise this are oversimplified

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30
Q

how is this approach reductionist and holistic? is this strength or weakness and why?

A

the approach simplifies complex human behaviour to the mechanics of the mind and ignores other influences on behaviour like biochemistry and genetics.
strength - because it recognises that behaviour isn’t down to just one factor

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31
Q

how does this approach have practical applications? is this strength or weakness and why?

A

dream analysis is the therapy used in this approach. Dossman et al. found in a study of 666 patients that psychoanalysis decreased medical visits by 30%, lost work days by 40% and days in hospital by 66%.
strength - as it means the approach has value in improving the quality of life for individuals.

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32
Q

how is this approach idiographic and nomothetic? is this strength or weakness and why?

A

Freud theories involved key concepts which are common to all of us and determine behaviour e.g id, ego, superego. however each patient needs to be considered individually through their therapy with childhood experiences and defence mechanisms.
strength - has the capacity to show individual understanding and flexible psychoanalysis - can treat the symptoms and the problem

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33
Q

how is this approach interactionist? is this strength or weakness and why?

A

nature - the id is instinctual and the biologically determined aspect of our personality
nurture - psychosexual stages. each of these stages’ interactions with our environment can result in fixation.
strength - because it recognises the necessary complexity when exploring human behaviour

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34
Q

how is this approach non-scientific? is this strength or weakness and why?

A

it largely relies on the case study method which is impossible to generalise from one case to another.
major weakness - Freudian theories are highly subjective and open to individual interpretation

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35
Q

what is the therapy used in this approach?

A

dream analysis

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36
Q

what did Freud describe dreams as?

A

‘the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind’

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37
Q

what is the manifest content and what is the latent content?

A

manifest - obvious content in a dream that can be recalled

latent - the actual meaning of the dream

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38
Q

what did Freud believe dreams served as?

A

the unconscious fulfilment of wishes

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39
Q

what did Freud believe it was necessary to do when analysing dreams?

A

consider dream symbols in the context of a person’s life

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40
Q

what else did Freud recognise in dream analysis?
what did he say himself?

A

not everything in a dream is symbolic
he said “sometimes a cigar is just a cigar”

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41
Q

what is dream work?

A

the process by which the latent content was distorted into the manifest content

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42
Q

how does dream work happen?

A

displacement

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43
Q

what is the role of the therapist in dream analysis?

A

reverse the dreamwork process - decode the manifest content back to the latent content

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44
Q

what shouldn’t the therapist offer?
what should they offer instead and why?

A

one interpretation. they should offer various interpretations based on the patient’s feedback and knowledge of their life experiences - allow the patient to select those that make sense

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45
Q

what is an effectiveness strength of dream analysis?

not neural networks

A

recent research has provided support for Freud’s link between dreaming and primary process thinking.
Solms used PET scans to highlight the regions of the brain that are active during dreaming. he found that the rational part of the brain is inactive during REM sleep whereas the centres concerned with memory and motivation are active. ego becomes suspended while ego is given free rein

46
Q

what is an effectiveness strength of dream analysis?

not research providing support

A

Hopfield et al’s study of neural networks.
Such computer simulations show that neural networks deal with overloaded memory by condensing memories. Supports Freud’s notion where unacceptable desires are censored and dealt with by recombining fragments until they emerge in a new form

47
Q

what is an effectiveness weakness of dream analysis? what does this suggest?

not subjective interpretation

A

much of the research is conducted in sleep labs. it can be questioned whether the sleep/dream state is as authentic as when under normal conditions. can’t generalise the findings to real life situations.
this suggests that the therapy lacks ecological validity as it’s completed in an artificial environment

48
Q

what is an effectiveness weakness of dream analysis? what does this suggest?

not ecological validity

A

interpreting the manifest content and coming up with it’s underlying meaning relies wholly on the subjective interpretation of the therapist. the dream that is being interpreted is a subjective report of the dreamer and may not be reliable information.
this suggests that dream analysis is a highly subjective process and goes against the objective scientific aims of psychology

49
Q

what is an ethical weakness of dream analysis?
what does this suggest?

not FMS

A

confronting clients with distressing material during the course of analysis could cause significant upset. although this insight may be necessary for recovery, the initial distress caused through therapy may be greater than what they are experiencing as a result of current problems.
this suggests that psychoanalytical therapists may fail to protect their clients from harm

50
Q

what is an ethical weakness of dream analysis?
what does this suggest?

not distressing material

A

False Memory Syndrome (FMS) is a condition in which a person’s identity and relationships are
affected by strongly believed false memories of traumatic experiences. These come to light during psychoanalysis when the therapist claims to have uncovered past, traumatic events. Toon et al. suggests that therapists may induce false
memories so that the therapy will take longer and they will make more financial gain as a result.
this suggests that patients may experience distress because of ‘memories’ of events that didn’t actually happen

51
Q

what hypothesis is used in the application to relationships?

A

the continuity hypothesis

52
Q

what is the continuity hypothesis and who argued it?

A

Bowlby argued that early relationships with your primary caregiver provide a basis for later adult relationships

53
Q

according to the attachment theory, what does the young child develop?

A

an internal working model (IWM)

54
Q

what is the IWM?

A

the first relationship determines one’s expectations of relationships and where they involve consistent or inconsistent behaviour. the primary caregiver’s behaviour is a model for what the infant will expect from others throughout life and they will internalise this model forever

55
Q

who used a love quiz to test the idea that later love relationships are predictable based upon their knowledge of early attachemnt?

A

Hazan and Shaver (1987)

56
Q

what did the first sample of the love quiz include? (3)

A

215 men and 415 women
aged between 14 and 82 selected from their responses to the newspaper advert

57
Q

what did the second sample of the love quiz consist of?

A

108 students with a mean age of 18

58
Q

what did Hazan and Shaver find?

A

a strong relationship between childhood attachment type and adult relationships

59
Q

what were the 3 different types they categorised people into?

A

secure
ambivalent
avoidant

60
Q

what memories of the mother did the secure type have?
how does this affect their adult views of relationships?

A

positive memories of mother as warm and trustworthy
see themselves as thriving in a relationship, love is viewed as a life goal and something to be achieved

61
Q

what memories of the mother did the ambivalent type have?
how does this affect their adult views of relationships?

A

inconsistent experiences, sometimes warm and sometimes distant
obsessed with love, crave affection and need to be in a relationship to be happy

62
Q

what memories of the mother did the avoidant type have?
how does this affect their adult views of relationships?

A

memories are wholly negative, mother was cold and rejecting
love is painful, likely to be disappointed in a relationship

63
Q

what are the experiences of love for the secure type?

A

secure, stable and long lasting relationship

64
Q

what are the experiences of love for the ambivalent type?

A

push their partner away by being possessive and needy, short term relationship

65
Q

what are the experiences of love for the avoidant type?

A

often have flings and one night stands to avoid relationships

66
Q

what is the classic evidence for this approach?

A

Bowlby’s 44 juvenile thieves

67
Q

what year did Bowlby conduct his study?

A

1944

68
Q

what type of study was this?
where was the sample taken from?

A

case study
child guidance clinic in london

69
Q

what did the study involve looking for?

A

association between 2 groups of pps (the thieves and a control group) and their experience of maternal seperation

70
Q

how many children were studied and what did this consist of?

A

44
31 boys and 13 girls aged between 5 and 17 years old

71
Q

what did the control group consist of?

A

further 44 children similar in age, sex and IQ to the thieves

72
Q

what were the role of the mothers in this study?

A

they were interviewed in order to assess the case histories of the children

73
Q

what is a strength with using the case study method?

A

rich in detail. Bowlby would have been able to build a detailed case history of each adolescent pps allowing for accurate judgement and drawing of conclusion

74
Q

what is a weakness of using the case study method?

A

case studies involve the study of unique individuals and their past experiences. we are restricted in how much we can learn from these cases and generalise to others

75
Q

explain the correlational data in this study (3)

A

Bowlby suggested that prolonged separations caused delinquency
this variable was not manipulated - only have relationship between these variables
could be other factors = no firm conclusion can be drawn

76
Q

explain the retrospective data of this study (2)

A

the case histories that Bowlby produced were largely based on recollections of the parents about events
data is unreliable and perhaps biased

77
Q

evaluate the sample in this study (2)

A

all 88 children in this study were emotionally disturbed
not appropriate to generalise from this sample to all children

78
Q

how was the sample obtained?

A

opportunity sampling

79
Q

what did the therapy involve?

A

children met with the psychiatrist weekly over 6 months or more. the mothers talked to social workers about their problems

80
Q

what did the therapy help to record?

A

a detailed case history which enabled the psychiatrist to diagnose the children’s emotional problems

81
Q

how was the intelligence of the pps assessed?

A

using the Binet scale

82
Q

what else did the team consider to do with the children?

A

school and other reports and discussed their conditions

83
Q

how were the graded?

A

grade 4 (22 individuals ) - chronic and serious thieving lasting very long periods
grade 1 (4 individuals) - committed only one theft

84
Q

what were the 6 character types that Bowlby catagorized the children into?

A

normal
circular
hyperthymic
schizoid
affectionless
depressed

85
Q

define normal

A

characters appear fairly normal + stable

86
Q

define depressed

A

unstable + now in a more or less depressed state of mind

87
Q

define circular

A

unstable - alternating depression and over-activity

88
Q

define hyperthymic

A

constant over-activity

89
Q

define affectionless

A

lack of normal affection, shame or sense of responsibility

90
Q

define schizoid

A

show marked schizoid or schizophrenic symptoms

91
Q

how many of the 44 were classed as affectionless?

A

14

92
Q

of the 14, how many had experienced prolonged separation from their mother?

A

12

93
Q

give 1 example of an affectionless thief

A

Derek B: at age 18 months he was hospitalised as he developed diphtheria. he stayed there for 9 months and was not visited by his parents the entire time

94
Q

altogether how many thieves experienced early separation?

A

17

95
Q

what was another contributing factor to the affectionless character?

A

fathers showed hatred openly which caused emotional problems but not delinquency

96
Q

how many fathers showed hatred openly?

A

5 out of 27

97
Q

what was the conclusion that caused the children to steal?

A

experiences that were harmful to their healthy development

98
Q

what did these findings confirm?

A

the general psychoanalytic assumption that the early years are of great importance in character development

99
Q

what did Bowlby propose that the damage to the relationship between the mothers would affect?

A

the development of the superego, leading to a reduced sense of conscience and right and wrong

100
Q

why was the bias of this study questioned?

A

Bowlby was aware of each child’s developmental history when he assessed their psychopathy status so he may have unconsciously interpreted things they said in the light of what he wished to find

101
Q

what is a strenth of the use of interviews?

A

would allow Bowlby to ask questions which directly address the topic that he’s interested in which allows depth and flexibility

102
Q

what is a weakness in the use of interviews?

A

pps and their mothers may not have answered truthfully when interviewed in order to come across as more socially acceptable

103
Q

as a criticism to Bowlby’s research, give an alternate piece of evidence

A

Rutter and Sonuga-Barke (2010)
research suggested that there is a sensitive period in development and a lack of emotional care before the age of 6 months seems to be something the children can recover from

104
Q

to support Bowlby’s research give an alternate piece of evidence

A

the lack of emotional care during key periods of development appears to have lasting and serious consquences. these include physical underdevelopment, intellectual retardation and difficulties in later relationships (friends, romantic and with own children)

105
Q

what is an ethical issue of this study?

not informed consent

A

confidentiality
the report gives their first names and initial of last name. Bowlby published detailed information about the thieves which makes them easily identifiable. details from the therapy sessions were also published

106
Q

what is another ethical issue of this study?

not confidentiality

A

it appears that pps in Bowlby’s research had not given their fully informed consent. the children and family were seen at the clinic from 1936 - 1939 but the report was published in 1944. children were not aware of their involvement in study as it would’ve been harder to get consent 7 years later

107
Q

what are the 4 social implications of this study?

A
  • stay at home mothers
  • shared parental leave
  • the cost of childcare
  • loss of jobs in the childcare sector if mothers were to return to work
108
Q

explain ‘stay at home mothers’

A

Bowlby’s research is extremely controversial and likely to scaremonger mothers into giving up their careers. mothers are likely to question if leaving their children for work would result in deviant individuals

109
Q

explain ‘shared parental leave’

A

since April 2015 it’s been possible for mothers and fathers of newborns to share leave after birth of a baby up to 12 months. this change in law reflects views that children need to have secure relationships with not just mothers

110
Q

explain ‘the cost of childcare’

A

if mothers do choose to ignore the conclusions of B’s research and return to work after starting a family, there will be significant economic costs to be faced as a family. this may mean that many mothers may wish to return to work but wouldn’t be financially viable

111
Q

explain ‘loss of jobs in the childcare sector if mothers were to return to work’

A

if mothers were to be scaremongered into giving up their careers as a result of Bowlby’s conclusions would have a significant impact on the economy. huge jobs losses in childcare as mothers stay home to fulfil their role

psychology (8 decks)

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