Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology Flashcards
May be related to elevated dopamine in basal ganglia, structural abnormalities greatest in mesolimbic-mesocortical circuits, and decreased 5-HT receptor activity contributes to negative symptoms.
Thought disorders/Psychosis
Related to decreased levels of 5-HT, dopamine, and NE in brain, specifically locus coeruleus and involves areas of the PFC, basal forebrain, striatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebellum.
Depressive and manic symptoms
Related to elevated levels of 5-HT and NE, and decreased levels of GABA involving raphe nucleus and amygdala.
Anxiety disorders
Pharmacologic functions of serotonin using mnemonic DOMAINS
Depression, Obsession, Migraines, Anxiety, Intestines (90% of serotonin found in gut driving motility), Nausea, Sexual (side effects)
NT produced in raphe nuclei (Sir Raph).
Serotonin
Shits and SHIVERS - increased shits (diarrhea), Shivering, Hyperreflexia, Increased temp, Vital (sign) instability, Encephalopathy, Restlessness, Sweating
Serotonin syndrome
Functions of DOPAMINE (mnemonic itself)
Drugs (addictive), psychO-my-god-what’s-happening-sis, Prolactin inhibition, Attention, Motivation, Involuntary movements, Nausea, Energy
Psychotic patient sometimes take a D2R from reality.
Antipsychotics block D2 Receptor.
Dopamine blockade in mesoLIMBic (thumbs up) pathway.
Reduces positive psychotic symptoms
Dopamine hypofunction in mesocortical pathway.
Increases negative psychotic symptoms
Dopamine blockade in the TuberoInfundibular Pathway (TIP)
This Increases Prolactin (TIP)
Dopamine in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) produces learning/emotion/memory which leads to reward and is related to this disorder.
Addiction (Very Tired Addict)
Dopamine blockade in the NigroStriatal Pathway (NSP) leads to extra-pyramidal side effects of…
iNvoluntary movements, Stuttering and Parkinsonism
Catecholamine that plays largest role in mediating fight or flight (SNS) response.
Norepinephrine
Produced in the locus CERuleus (fight or flight when chased by CERberus)
Norepinephrine
a-1 adrenergic receptors mediate many of this NT effects both centrally and peripherally (a-1 receptors are found a-11 over the place). Widely distributed and mediate SNS - vasoconstriction, sweating, glucose movement, etc.
Norepinephrine
Receptors that inhibit the SNS (taking SNS from a-z).
a-2 adrenergic receptors
Blockade of these receptors decrease cardiac output and stroke volume (1) and agonism of these (2) relax bronchioles in the lungs and increase airflow.
beta-1, beta-2 (you beta have 1 heart and 2 lungs; its beta-2 relax)
Effects on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
acetylcholine
Parasympathetic NS effects mediated by acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors - SLUDGEM (musky sludge)
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, GI effects, Emesis, Miosis
Receptors responsible for acetylcholine’s role on muscle contraction and cognition (Nic using his muscle memory at the gym).
Nicotinic
Nucleus basalis of Meynert is acetylcholine-rich area of brain in which damage can be seen in this disorder causing this dysfunction.
Alzheimer’s, memory (Remember the nuclear launch codes on the nuclear base of Meynert).
AntiHIStAmines are helpful for..
Help with Insomnia, Stomach acid, and Allergies
Functions of opioids include: (ARMED Chinese man)
Analgesia, Respiratory depression, Miosis, Euphoria, Drowsiness, Constipation
Opioids produce most analgesic effects through binding to the ___ receptor.
Mu
The brain’s inhibitory neurotransmitter (calming NT/”off” switch). Benzos and barbiturates enhance effects of _____.
GABA
Excitatory neurotransmitter with effects on learning, memory, and thoughts. Binds to NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, Kainite receptors, and metabotropic receptors.
Glutamate (Gluta MAT is involved in Memory and Thought)
