Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology

Question 1

May be related to elevated dopamine in basal ganglia, structural abnormalities greatest in mesolimbic-mesocortical circuits, and decreased 5-HT receptor activity contributes to negative symptoms.

Answer 1

Thought disorders/Psychosis

Question 2

Related to decreased levels of 5-HT, dopamine, and NE in brain, specifically locus coeruleus and involves areas of the PFC, basal forebrain, striatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, brainstem, spinal cord, and cerebellum.

Answer 2

Depressive and manic symptoms

Question 3

Related to elevated levels of 5-HT and NE, and decreased levels of GABA involving raphe nucleus and amygdala.

Answer 3

Anxiety disorders

Question 4

Pharmacologic functions of serotonin using mnemonic DOMAINS

Answer 4

Depression, Obsession, Migraines, Anxiety, Intestines (90% of serotonin found in gut driving motility), Nausea, Sexual (side effects)

Question 5

NT produced in raphe nuclei (Sir Raph).

Answer 5

Serotonin

Question 6

Shits and SHIVERS - increased shits (diarrhea), Shivering, Hyperreflexia, Increased temp, Vital (sign) instability, Encephalopathy, Restlessness, Sweating

Answer 6

Serotonin syndrome

Question 7

Functions of DOPAMINE (mnemonic itself)

Answer 7

Drugs (addictive), psychO-my-god-what’s-happening-sis, Prolactin inhibition, Attention, Motivation, Involuntary movements, Nausea, Energy

Question 8

Psychotic patient sometimes take a D2R from reality.

Answer 8

Antipsychotics block D2 Receptor.

Question 9

Dopamine blockade in mesoLIMBic (thumbs up) pathway.

Answer 9

Reduces positive psychotic symptoms

Question 10

Dopamine hypofunction in mesocortical pathway.

Answer 10

Increases negative psychotic symptoms

Question 11

Dopamine blockade in the TuberoInfundibular Pathway (TIP)

Answer 11

This Increases Prolactin (TIP)

Question 12

Dopamine in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) produces learning/emotion/memory which leads to reward and is related to this disorder.

Answer 12

Addiction (Very Tired Addict)

Question 13

Dopamine blockade in the NigroStriatal Pathway (NSP) leads to extra-pyramidal side effects of…

Answer 13

iNvoluntary movements, Stuttering and Parkinsonism

Question 14

Catecholamine that plays largest role in mediating fight or flight (SNS) response.

Answer 14

Norepinephrine

Question 15

Produced in the locus CERuleus (fight or flight when chased by CERberus)

Answer 15

Norepinephrine

Question 16

a-1 adrenergic receptors mediate many of this NT effects both centrally and peripherally (a-1 receptors are found a-11 over the place). Widely distributed and mediate SNS - vasoconstriction, sweating, glucose movement, etc.

Answer 16

Norepinephrine

Question 17

Receptors that inhibit the SNS (taking SNS from a-z).

Answer 17

a-2 adrenergic receptors

Question 18

Blockade of these receptors decrease cardiac output and stroke volume (1) and agonism of these (2) relax bronchioles in the lungs and increase airflow.

Answer 18

beta-1, beta-2 (you beta have 1 heart and 2 lungs; its beta-2 relax)

Question 19

Effects on nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

Answer 19

acetylcholine

Question 20

Parasympathetic NS effects mediated by acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors - SLUDGEM (musky sludge)

Answer 20

Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, GI effects, Emesis, Miosis

Question 21

Receptors responsible for acetylcholine’s role on muscle contraction and cognition (Nic using his muscle memory at the gym).

Answer 21

Nicotinic

Question 22

Nucleus basalis of Meynert is acetylcholine-rich area of brain in which damage can be seen in this disorder causing this dysfunction.

Answer 22

Alzheimer’s, memory (Remember the nuclear launch codes on the nuclear base of Meynert).

Question 23

AntiHIStAmines are helpful for..

Answer 23

Help with Insomnia, Stomach acid, and Allergies

Question 24

Functions of opioids include: (ARMED Chinese man)

Answer 24

Analgesia, Respiratory depression, Miosis, Euphoria, Drowsiness, Constipation

Question 25

Opioids produce most analgesic effects through binding to the ___ receptor.

Answer 25

Mu

Question 26

The brain’s inhibitory neurotransmitter (calming NT/”off” switch). Benzos and barbiturates enhance effects of _____.

Answer 26

GABA

Question 27

Excitatory neurotransmitter with effects on learning, memory, and thoughts. Binds to NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, Kainite receptors, and metabotropic receptors.

Answer 27

Glutamate (Gluta MAT is involved in Memory and Thought)