Psychobiology

Question 0

What is a stimulus?

Answer 0

Any factor detected by an organism that can cause a response. So it’s the action that causes a response/reaction.
E.g when I go to punch someone they duck. The stimulus here is the fist going to the head

Question 1

What is Psychology?

Answer 1

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviours and the mind

Question 2

What is innate/instinctive behaviour? Give an example

Answer 2

Is a behaviour an organism is born with

E.g birds building a nest, breathing, crying (babies)

Question 3

What is learned behaviour? Give an example

Answer 3

Learned behaviour is a behaviour an organism learns over time with practice and experience
E.g riding a bicycle, speaking

Question 4

What is behaviour?

Answer 4

Is how an observable action made by a living organism

Question 5

What is a reflex? Give an example

Answer 5

Movement of a body part in response to a stimulus

E.g touching a hot object (stimulus) and quickly pulling your hand away (reflex)

Question 6

What is taxis?

Answer 6

Orienting behaviour in which an animal turns around (positive taxis) or away (negative taxis) from a stimulus such as light.

Question 7

What is kinesis?

Answer 7

Change speed of random movement in response to an environmental stimulus. It’s purpose to escape hostile environments quickly.
E.g pill bugs move from a dry environment to a damp environment to keep cool and obtain moisture

Question 8

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Is a learned response to a stimulus that normally wouldn’t cause that response

learning that takes place when two stimuli, one conditioned and one unconditioned, are presented together to induce the same response

For example, Pavlov rang a bell when he was going to feed his dogs. The dogs would naturally salivate when food was presented to them, but over time when Pavlov rang his bell his dogs would salivate even without the presence of food.

Question 9

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 9

Operant conditioning is to do with a learned task. It is when reinforcement or punishment is introduced after the task.
Basically has to do with reinforcement or punishment

Question 11

What is habituation?

Answer 11

Getting used to or ignore a repeated stimulus

Question 12

Case study

Answer 12

A research methods involving detailed information

Question 13

Negative reinforcement

Answer 13

Is when a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus therefore increasing the behaviour.
E.g a loud noise it played inside a rats cage until it presses a lever which then removes the loud noise

Question 14

Positive punishment

Answer 14

Occurs when a behaviour (response) is followed by a stimulus, causing a decrease in behaviour
E.g hitting a dog whenever it urinates on the carpet

Question 15

Negative punishment

Answer 15

Occurs when a behaviour (response) followed by the REMOVAL of a stimulus causing a decrease in behaviour
E.g taking a child’s toy away after an underside behaviour such as causing a tantrum I’m the shopping mall resulting in a decrease in the behaviour (tantrum)

Question 16

UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Answer 16

What caused the UCR to happen
The stimulus that causes the UCR (unconditioned response) therefore what caused the unconditioned stimulus to happen
e.g PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT the UCS is the meant the UCR I the salivation

Question 17

UCR (unconditioned response)

Answer 17

The response that is caused by the stimulus

e.g PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT the UCR is the salvation cause by the meat

Question 18

CS (conditioned stimulus)

Answer 18

Stimulus causing the response to occurs again

e.g PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT the bell

Question 19

CR (conditioned stimulus)

Answer 19

Response cause by CS (conditioned stimulus)

e.g PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT saliva

Question 20

NS (neutral stimulus)

Answer 20

The stimulus that does not initially cause a response

e.g PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT bell

Question 21

IV (independent variable)

Answer 21

Variable in experiment changed/manipulated

Question 22

DV (dependent variable)

Answer 22

Response or effect caused by the IV

Question 23

Experimental group

Answer 23

Exposed to the IV

Question 24

Control group

Answer 24

Not exposed to the IV

Question 25

Mean

Answer 25

Average - add all scores them divide

Question 26

Median

Answer 26

Mid point
e.g
1 2 3 4 5 6 median = 3

Question 27

Mode

Answer 27

Most frequent number

Question 28

forensic psychologist

Answer 28

Are trained to understand all psychological theories with offenders & criminals. They conduct criminal profiling, conducting assessment on dangerousness of a person

Question 29

Clinical psychologist

Answer 29

Studies diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.

Such as schizophrenia, bi-polar

Question 30

Stages of scientific method

Answer 30

Formulating aim and hypothesis, selecting research method and designing the study, collecting data, analysing the data and drawing conclusions, reporting the findings

Question 31

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 31

Occurs when a response is followed by stimulus that’s is rewarding therefore increasing certain behaviour
E.g when you tell your dog to sit and give it a treat