Psycho 104 - Ch. 3 Flashcards
<p><p>Neurons do WHAT two important things?</p></p>
<p><p>1) Generate electricity that creates nerve impulses
2) Release chemicals that allow Neurons to communicate (Neurotransmitters)</p></p>
<p><p>Myeline Sheath</p></p>
<p><p>A fatty, whitish layer that is basically insulation that is derived of glial cells during development </p></p>
<p><p>Nodes of Ranvier</p></p>
<p><p>where the myelin is either extremely thin or absent</p></p>
<p><p>What are Neurotransmitters </p></p>
<p><p>Chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse to either excite other Neurons, or inhibit their firing</p></p>
<p><p>What are the 5 stages of Chemical Communication?</p></p>
<p><p>Synthesis
Storage
Release
Binding
Deactivation</p></p>
<p><p>What do Excitatory Neurotransmitters do? </p></p>
<p><p>Depolaraize neurons membrane
Increases likelihood of action potential</p></p>
<p><p>What do Inhibitory Neurotransmitters do? </p></p>
<p><p>Hyperpolarizes neuron's membrane
Decreases likelihood of action potential</p></p>
<p><p>What are the Major Neurons in the Nervous System? </p></p>
<p><p>Sensory Neurons
-Carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
Motor Neurons
-Transmit output impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to the body's muscles and organs
Interneurons
-Perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system</p></p>
<p><p>What are the basic parts of a neuron?</p></p>
<p><p>Cell body (Soma)
Dendrites
Axon (Or nerve fibers)
Axon terminal </p></p>
<p><p>What are the 3 major neurons in the Nervous system? </p></p>
<p><p>Sensory Neurons
-Carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
Motor Neurons
-Transmit output impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to the body's muscles and organs
Interneurons
-Perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system</p></p>
<p><p>In the Peripheral Nevous System, what are the two major divsions? </p></p>
<p><p>Somatic system
-Volunary muscle movement/activation
Autonomic System
-Controls smooth muscle, cardiac, and clands, unvoluntary movement</p></p>
<p><p>What are the two major divions in the Autonomic system? </p></p>
<p><p>Sympathetic
-Fight or flight (Generally excitatory, activates)
Parasympathetic
-Feed and breed (Generally inhibits) relaxation</p></p>
<p><p>The sympathetic and parasympathetic system work together to achieve what?</p></p>
<p><p>Homeostasis - Regulation within your body etc that you dont have mental and voluntary control over</p></p>
<p><p>The central nervous system consists of what?</p></p>
<p><p>Spinal Cord and Brain
Spinal Cord
-Connects most parts of the PNS with the brain
-Most nerves enter and leave the CNS via the spinal cord
SPINAL REFLEXES: cna be triggered at the level of the spinal cord without any involvement from the brain
Brain
-Extremely complex structure, demands a huge amount of bodily resources (Oxygen)
</p></p>
<p><p>What are the 3 methods for Viewing the Structure and Functions of the brain? </p></p>
<p><p>Postmortem Studies
- Ideal method is to study a person during their lifetime (Document and observe)
- After the patient dies, the brain can be extracted to check for LESIONS (Areas where the tissue has been damaged, such as from injury or disease
Studying Live non-human animals
-To undrestand the psysiological processes of the brain, scientists turn to animals
,vivo reasearch (such as single cell recording work), lesion studies, and genetic manipulation
Studying live humans (Surgery, and brain imaging)
- You can cut the corpus callum to cure epilepsy
- And prefrontal labotomy surgery</p></p>
<p><p>What is prefrontal Lobotomy?</p></p>
<p><p>-Insturt instrument into the brain through eye and holes drilled in the side of the skull
-Tried to server connections between frontal lobe and thalamus
-Worked to help calm agressive individuals
</p></p>
<p>What is Computed Tomography (CT)?</p>
<p>Builds a pictures of the brain based on the differential absorption of x-rays
CT scans reveal the gross features of the brain, but DO NOT resolve its structure well</p>
<p>What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?</p>
<p>Uses trace amounts of short-lived RADIOACTIVE material to map functional processes in the brain
PET scanning can be used in non brain areas too
It uses a PET/CT scanner</p>
<p>What is Structural MRI</p>
<p>Provides info to describe shape, size, and integrity of gray and white matter structures throughout th ebrain
- Usually used with fMRI to measure brain structural integrity
- Unlike CT scans, they detect the STRUCTURE AND GROSS FEATURES of the brain</p>
<p>What is Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)? </p>
<p>Obtained using an MRI SCANNER
Allows us to measure restricted diffusion of water in the brain
Allows us to obsere blood flow along specific neural tracts</p>
<p>What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)? </p>
<p>Detects the changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in a response to neural activity
The more active a brain region, the more oxygen it requires. THis requires increase blood flow</p>
<p>What is Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)?</p>
<p>Used to measure blood oxygenation in the brain
Works by shining a light in the near infrared spectrum through the skull, and it detects how much reemerging light is attenuated
How much light is attenuated is depending on blood oxygenation,
NIRS provides an indirect measure of brain activity</p>
<p>What is Electroencephalography (EGG)?</p>
<p>Measurement of electrical activity in the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp
TWO KINDS
Inter-cranial EEG
Intra-cranial EGG
-It can measure the brain on a millisecond level</p>
<p>What is Magnetoencephalography (MEG)?</p>
<p>Imaging technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain
USES THE DEVICE SQUIDS</p>
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
Uses magnetic field to induce electrical activity in the brain Can temporarily disrupt (or activate) cortical neural tissue
