Chapter 8 Flashcards
Elaborative Rehearsal
Focusing on the meaning of info or relating it to other things you already know. (Locker combos w hockey numbers)
What is visuospatial memorization
Allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images and spatial info, as when forming mental maps of a route to some place
The “Central Executive”
Is a control process that directs the action. It decides how much attention to allocate to mental imagery and auditory rehearsal
Serial Position Effect
A u-shaped pattern, meaning that recall is influenced by a word’s position in a series of items.
Primacy Effect (First word)
Recency Effect (Last word)
Maintenance Rehearsal
This occurs when you look up a phone number and you keep saying it to yourself
Structural Encoding
You have to notice how the world looks
Phonelogical Encoding
Sound of the word
Levels of Processing
The more deeply we process info, the better it will be remembered.
Semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to be focused on the MEANING of info
When studying factual info for a class, we need to study effortfull deep processing.
Matintenance Rehearsal
Saying a phone number over and over again
Elaborative Rehearsal
Focuses on the meaning of info
Mnemonics
The art of imrpoving memory
Heirarchies and chinking represent two types of mnemonic devices
Dual Coding Theory
encoding info using both codes enhances memory (verbal codes and non-verbal codes)
The odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall
Method of Loci
The ancient greek well known imagery technique
Imaging walking through your house etc
Schemas
Mental framework
An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as class of people.
We form schemas through experience and they can strongly influence the way we encode material in memory
Acquiring expert knowledge can be viewed as process of developing schemas (mental framework) that help to encode info into meaningful patterns
Associative Network
A massive network of associated ideas and concepts.
Items within the same category (types of flowers, fruits, colours) generally have the strongest associations and therefore tend to be clustered closer together
PRIMING: activation of one concept ex. Fire engine primes the node for RED
Memory stores info in an associative network
Neural Networks
A neural network of notes are linked to one another, but these nodes are physical in nature and do not contain individual units of info
No single node for RED, instead each node is more like a small info processing unit
Node is what inputs and sends inputs to other neurons.
The info is stored in the NEURAL NETWORK
Neural networks are called PARALLEL DISTRBUTED PROCESSING MODELS (PDP)
Declarative and Procedural Memory
DECLARATIVE
Involves factual knowledge and includes two subs
- Episodic Memory (factual knowledge concerning personal experiences ex. Pizza we ate last night
- Semantic Memory (General factual knowledge about the world and language) ex. mount everest is the tallest mountain
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
reflected in skills and actions
can include classically conditioned responses
Explicit and Implicit Memory
EXPLICIT (Involves conscious or intentional memory retrieval)
ex. Trying to recognize something or recall something
IMPLICIT (Occurs when memory influences our behaviour without conscious awareness)
Retrieval cue
Any stimulus, whether internal or external, that stimulates the activation of information stored in long-term memory.
ex. If someone asks if you seen Sally, SALLY is the retrieval cue
PRIMING is a good example of how a retrieval cue can trigger associative elements
Having multiple, self-generated retrieval cues was the most effective approach to maximizing recall.
Generating our own associations involves deeper, more elaborative rehearsals than does being presented w associations generated by someone else.
Serial Positions Effect
Words in the middle of the list usally are recalled less
Flashbulb Memories
recollections that seem so vivid, clear, that we can picture them as if they were a snapshot of moment in time.
Encoding Specificity Principle
states that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding
Context Dependent Memory
Typically easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired
If you study in a loud environment, take the test in a loud environment
If you drink coffee while studying, then do so for the test too
State Dependent Memory
Proposes that our ability to retrieve info is greater when our internal state at the time retrieval matches our original state of learning
The jogger who got raped. The arousal from jogging and the environment triggered the memory
Mood-Congruent Recall: tend to recall mor info or events that are congruent with our current mood
Encoding Failure
Many memory failures were from encoding failures to encode memory into long term memory (Forgetting to put the book on the shelf)
Decay Theory
Which proposed that with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away.
Interference Theory
We forget info because other items in long term memory impair our ability to retrieve it
TWO MAJOR TYPES OF INTERFERENCE
- Proactive Interference (Occurs when material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material) ex. when Charles gets a new number, he tries to recall it but keeps remembering his old number
- RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE: occurs in the opposite direction. Newly acquired info interferes w the ability to recall older info
Some believe that interference is caused by competition among retrieval cues.
Motivated Forgetting
Psychodynamic theorist suggest that REPRESSION (may protect us by blocking the recall of anxiety arousing memories) explain another reason for forgetting
Dementia
Refers to impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning.
ALZHEIMERS (Brain disorder that occurs mostly for adults over 65, and the symptoms worsen gradually over a period of years)
AZ spreads across the temporal lobes and to the frontal lobes and other cortical regions
Plaque are clumps of protein fragments that build up on the outside of of neurons
Infantile (Childhood) Amnesia
An inability to remember personal experiences from the first years of our lives.
What causes this?
Brain regions that encode long term episodic memories are still immature in the first years after birth.
And we do not encode our earliest experiences deeply and fail to form rich retrieval cues for them because infants lack a clear self-concept, and do not have a personal frame of reference around which to organize rich memories
Prospective Memory
In contrast to RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY (memory for past events) prospective memory concerns remembering to perform an activity in the future
Misinformation Effect
The distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information, has been demonstrated in numerous studies.
Source Confusion
Misinformation effects also occur because of SOURCE CONFUSION, our tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar, but to forget where we encountered it.
Declarative Memory
The hippocampus and its adjacent tissue help to encode and retrieve long-term declarative memories.
Memory Consolidation
The hypothetical and gradual binding process
A memory for a personal expereince is consolidated, its various components appear to be stored across wide areas of the cortex
Although we have focused on the frontal lobes and hippocampus, memory formation also depends on other brain areas
Damage to the thalamus (brains major sensory relay station) can impair both the encoding of new memories.
Procedural Memories
The cerebellum plays an important role in forming procedural memories (HM who did not damage his cerebellum, was able to do procedural stuff)
Long term Potentiation (LTP)
The enduring increase in synaptic stregth
Studied most extensively in regins of the hippocampus where neurons send and receive messages using glutamate
