Chapter 11 Flashcards
Instinct
is an inherited predisposition to behave in a specific and predictable way when exposed to a particular stimulus
Homeostais
A state of internal psyiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain
What is Motivation?
a process that influences the direction, persistence, and viour of goal-directed behaviour
Motivation derives from the latin term “to move”
Incentive
Something that “pulls” you towards a goal (ex. Good grades)
An environmental stimuli that pull an organism towarad a goal
Drug use is motivated by the positive incentive value of the drugs effect
EXPECTANCY THEORY
proposes that goal directed behaviour is jointly determined by two factors
- Strength of the persons expectation that particular behaviours will lead to the goal (Expectancy)
- The value the individual places on the goal (Incentive value)
Essentially EXPECTANCY x INCENTIVE VALUE = MOTIVATION
Extrinsic Motivation & Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
(Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment)
Intrinsic Motivation
(performing an activity for its own sake - because you find it enjoyable)
Humanist Theory (Abraham Maslow)
Abraham Maslow believed that psychologies key motive is our strive for personal growth
He distinguished between DEFIENCY NEEDS (concerned w physical and social survival) and GROWTH NEEDS.
He proposed the concept of NEED HIEARCHY (Progression of needs containing defiency needs at the bottom and growth needs at the top)
Once our basic needs are met, we focus on safety and security
Then SELF-ACTUALIZATION represents the need to fulfill our potential
Self-Determination Theory
A more recent humanistic theory
Focuses on three fundamental needs
COMPETENCE
(Reflects a human need to master new challenges and perfect skills.)
AUTONOMY
(Also self-determination, is satisfied when people experience their actions as a result of free choice without outside interference)
RELATEDNESS
(Refers to our desire to form meaningful bonds with others)
People are most fulfilled w their lives when they are able to satisfy these fundamental needs
Hunger
Satiety: The feeling of being “Full”
Nutritionally rich food seem to produce more satiety more quickly than an equal volume of less nutritious food.
Patients who have had their stomachs removed still experience satiety not only because of intestinal distention, but also because of chemical signals.
The intestines respond to food by releasing PEPTIDES (help terminate a meal)
CCK (Cholecystokinin) is released into your bloodstream by the small intestine as food arrives from the stomach. It then travels to the brain and stimulates receptors in several regions that decrease eating
CCK decreases feelings of hunger
GHRELIN is released into the blood stream by the stomach and small intestine and is now thought to be one of the most important signals for hunger among humans
CCK = FULL
GHRELIN = HUNGRY
Lateral Hypothalamus is a “hunger on” centre
BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE
Eating is POSITIVELY REINFORCED by the good taste, and NEGATIVELY REINFORCED by hunger reduction
Glucose
Type of sugar that is your body and brains major source of immediately usable fuel
Transported into cells to provide energy
Leptin
Fat cells are not storage cites for fat. They regulate food intake and weight by secreting LEPTIN
LEPTIN is a hormone that decreases appetite
As we gain fat, LEPTIN is secreted into the blood and reaches the brain.
LEPTIN does make us full like CCK, but it may regulate appetite by increasing potency of these other signals.
Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
a cluster of Neurons packed with receptor sites for various transmitters that stimulate or reduce appetite.
Obesity
Among canadian chidren, 20 percent are overweight, and 8 percent are obese
Obesity comes with sterotype and prejudice of being lazy, weak character.
Eating is a way to cope w stress
Genes and Environment
Heredity influences our BASAL METABOLIC rate and tendency to store energy as either fat or lean tissue
More than 200 genes have been identified as possible contributors to human obesity
ENVIRONMENT
High-fat cheap food is EVERYWHERE
Cultural emphasis of getting the GETTING THE BEST VALUE
Technological advances reduce the need for daily activity
Dieting and Weight Loss
Being fat primes people to stay fat
Obese people generally have higher levels of insulin (hormone from pancreas) than people with normal weight, which increases the conversion of GLUCOSE into FAT
Why do we have sex?
Peer pressure for adolescents instead of sexual gratification
Most women found sex as an unenjoyable marital duty
Most women find their first sexual intercourse disappointing
About 10% of american man and 20% of american women find sex unpleasurable
Masturbation
Men fantasize and masturbate about sex more often than women do
25% of men and 10% of women masturbate one or more times a week
60% of men and 40% of women masturbate ONCE a year
Sexual Response Cycle
Masters and Johnson concluded that most people go through four-stage SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE when sexually aroused
During EXCITEMENT PHASE, arousal builds rapidly. Blood flows around the genital organs etc. (This is also called VASOGONGESTION)
In the PLATEU PHASE, respiration, heart rate, muscle tension continue to build until enough tension is there to trigger orgasm
During ORGASM PHASE, in males, rhythmic contractions of internal organs and muscle tissue surrounding the urethra project semen out of the penis. In females, orgasm involves rhythmic contractions of the outer third of the vagina.
In males, orgasm is followed by the RESOLUTION PHASE, physiological arousal decreases rapidly and the genital organs return to their normal condition
During the resolution phase, males inter the REFRACTORY PERIOD during which they are temporarily incapable of another orgasm.
Females can have two or more successive orgasms before the resolution phase
Hormonal Influences
Same with hunger, the HYPOTHALAMUS plays a key role in sexual motivation
It controls the PITUITARY GLAND, which regulates the secretion of GONADOTROPHINS into the blood stream.
These effect the rate at which the GONADS (testes for male, and ovaries for females) secrete ANDROGENS (Testosterone, or estrogen)
Both men and women produce androgens and estrogens
In men and women, ANDROGENS (rather than estrogens), appear to have the primary influence on sexual desire
Sexual Dysfunction
Refers to chronic, impaired sexual functioning that distresses a person
Arousing Environmental Stimuli
A lovers caress can trigger sexual desire in an instant
Watching a partner undress
Both genders showed the strongest arousal when erotic stories focused on the female character, and when she was the one who initiated sex
Pornography, Sexual Violence, Sexual Attitudes
Most porno users are men, but about a third of people who have purchased or rented porn are women
39% of women had at least one experience of some form of sexual assault
Most sexual assaults are NOT committed by strangers
According to SOCAL LEARNING THEORY, people learn through observation
Many pornos model “Rape Myths” (That men are entitled to sex when they want, and that women love to be dominated”
CATHARIS PRINCIPLE (freud and other psychoanalysts state that as inborn sexual and aggressive impluses build up, this tension provide a CATHARISIS that returns us to a more balances psyiological state)
Some countries w no porn have high rape rates, and vise versa
Such aggressive films seem to increase mens aggression towards women. (Violent porn)
Porn also promotes a view that sex is impersonal and decreases viewers satisfaction with their own sexual partners
Sexual Orientation
Refers to one’s emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex.
Determinants of Sexual Orientation
No particular phenomenon of family life can be singled out, on the basis of our finding, as especially consequential for either homo-sexual or hetrosexual development… What we seem to have identified… is a pattern of feelings and reactions within the child that cannot be traced back to a single social or psychological root
Homosexuals are more likely to be tomboys during childhood
Those who had a gay brother, (52% were twins, 22% were fraternal twins, 11% were adoptive brothers)
The CLOSER the genetic relatedness, the higher the concordance rates for sexual orientation
The brain develops a neural pattern that predisposes organisms to prefer either male or female partners. Depending on whether prenatal sex hormone activity follows a masculin or feminine path.
Different personality styles drive people to different social experiences
Close relationships provide us with much more than the mere opportunity for sexual expression
Need for Achievement
Which represents the desire to accomplish tasks and attain standards of excellence.
People strive for success using the feeling of sucess as motivation, or theyre motivated to avoid losing FEAR OF FAILURE
Anxiety makes it hard to process information, in sports this is an athlete who “Chokes” under pressure
Achievement Goal Theory
Focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself.
Mastery orientation: focuses on personal improvement, giving maximum effort, and perfecting new skills
Performance Orientation: in which the goal is to outperform others (With little effort as possible)
MASTERY APPROACH (master the task, learn, improve)
MASTERY AVOIDANCE (Avoid mistakes, poor quality)
PERFORMANCE APPROACH (Win, be the best, be noticed)
PERFORMANCE AVOIDANCE (Avoid losing, looking bad, being last)
Motivational Conflict
APPROACH APPROACH CONFLICT
(Involves opposition between two attractive alternatives, selecting one means losing the other)
ex. Two good career paths
AVOIDANCE AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
(The opposite of approach-approach, when someone has to decide between two undesirable choices)
ex. Spend all week studying boring material, or skip studying and fail the exam?
APPROACH AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
(Involves being attracted to and repelled by the SAME goal)
ex. changing major to get better job, but also means another 5th year
DELAY DISCOUNTING (The value of getting a good mark decreases the longer the delay)
Emotions
Are positive or negative feelings consisting of a pattern of cognitive, phsiological, and behavioural reactions to events that have relevance to important goals or motives.
The emotions we have share four common features
Emotions are responses to external or internal eliciting stimuli
Emotional responses result from our interpretation or COGNITIVE APPRAISAL of these stimuli, which gives the situation its perceived meaning and significance
Our bodies respond physiologically to our appraisal. We may become mad, scared, aroused etc.
Emotions include behaviour tendencies. Joy or crying, or ways of doing something about the stimulus, studying, running away.
Evolution and Emotional Expression
Two key findings suggest that humans have innate or FUNDAMENTAL EMOTIONAL PATTERNS.
- The expressions of certain emotions (Rage and terror) are similar across cultures suggesting that its wired into the nervous system
- Children who are blind from birth seem to express these basic emotions in the same ways as sighted children do
Cultural Display Rules
Display Rules: The norms for emotional expression within a given culture
Instrumental Behaviours
Behaviours directed at achieving some goal
ex. a mother trying to find a nondestructive way to get her point across
Theories of Emotion
THE JAMES-LANGE SOMATIC THEORY
The SOMATIC THEORY OF EMOTION: Proponents of this theory, body informs mind; our physiological reactions determine our emotions. We know we are afraid or in love ONLY because our bodily reactions tell us so.
THE CANNON-BARD THEORY
Cannon opposed the James-Lange theory and said that cognition must be involved as well
The theory concludes that when we encounter an emotion-arousing situation, the thalamus simultaneously sends info to the cerebral cortex AND the bodys internal organs.
The message to the cortex produces the experience of emotion, and the one to the internal organs produces the physiological arousal.
Neither causes the other, they are independent responses to the stimulation from the thalamus
Autonomic Feedback
Cannon tested on animals by severing the nerves on the organs to see if they responded to the dangers them selves. They did which supports his theory
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
This feedback to the brain might play a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotion that we experience
Research shows that positive or negative emotional responses can indeed be triggered by contraction of specific facial muscles (Supports Lang theory)
When participants hold a pencil between teeth, they feel happier. Compared to when they hold it with their lips
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
States that arousal and cognitive labelling based on situational cues are the critical ingredients in emotional experience
