Psychiatry- Psychology

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

learning in which a natural repsonse (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned or learned stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food)

Question 2

classical conditioning usually deals with _____ responses

Answer 2

involuntary

Question 3

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 3

learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward; usually deals with voluntary responses

Question 4

What are some kinds of operant conditioning?

Answer 4

positive reinforcement (desired reward produces action)

negative reinforcement (target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus)

punishment

extinction (discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior)- can occur in operant or classical conditioning

Question 5

What is transference?

Answer 5

pt. projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician (e.g. psychiatrist is seen as parent)

Question 6

What is countertransference?

Answer 6

doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto pts.

Question 7

What are ‘ego defenses’?

Answer 7

unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings (e.g. anxiety, depression)

Question 8

What are some immature ego defenses?

Answer 8

acting out

denial

displacement

dissociation

fixation

identification

Question 9

What is displacement?

Answer 9

transferring avoided ideas and feelings onto a neutral person or object (mother yells at her child because her husband yelled at her)

Question 10

What is fixation?

Answer 10

partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)- adults fixated on video games

Question 11

What is identification?

Answer 11

modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired) (e.g. abused child identifies with abuser)

Question 12

What are some other immature ego defenses?

Answer 12

isolation of affect

passive aggression

projection

rationalization

reactive formation

regression

repression

splitting

Question 13

What is isolation of affect?

Answer 13

seperating feelings from ideas and events (describing graphic murder in detail with no emotional response)

Question 14

What is projection?

Answer 14

attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external souce (vs. displacement) (e.g. a man who want another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him)

Question 15

What is reaction formation?

Answer 15

replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation) (e.g. a pt. with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery)

Question 16

What is regression?

Answer 16

turning back the maturational clockand going to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs. fixation) (e.g. seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment, or birth of a new sibling- bed-wetting in a previously trained child)

Question 17

What is splitting?

Answer 17

believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance or ambiguity (commonly seen in borderline personality disorder) (e.g. a pt says that all nurses are cold while all doctors are warm and friendly)

Question 18

What are some mature ego defenses?

Answer 18

altruism (alleviating negative feelings via unsolicited genorosity- mafia boss donates to charity)

humor

sublimation

suppression

Question 19

What is sublimation?

Answer 19

replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (e.g. teenager’s aggression toward father is redirected to perform well in sports)