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STEP 1 (3) > Neurology- Pathology > Flashcards

Neurology- Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main causes of dementia (marked by a decrease in cognitive ability, memory, or functioning with intact consciousness)?

A
  • Alzheimer disease
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Lewy body dementia
  • Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease
  • Other
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2
Q

What pts are most at risk for Alzheimer?

A

elderly and Down syndrome pts.

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3
Q

What mutations mediate risk for Alzheimer?

A

ApoE2: decrease risk

ApoE4: increases risk

APP, presenilin-1, presenilin-2: increased risk of early onset

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What are the main findings of Alzheimer’s?

A

widespread cortical atrophy

narrowing of the gyri and widening of sulci

decreased ACh

Senile plaques (below) in gray matter

Neurofibrillary tangles

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6
Q

What are senile plaques?

A

extracellular B-amyloid cores that may cause amyloid angiopathy leading to intracranial hemorrhage (AB amyloid synthesized by cleaving amyloid precursor protein (APP))

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7
Q

What are Neurofibrillary tangles?

A

intracellular, hyperphosphorylated tau protein (insoluble cytoskeletal elements). No of tangles correlates to the severity of disease

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8
Q

What is frontotemporal dementia (aka Pick disease)?

A

frontotemporal atrophy (spares parietal lobe and posterior 2/3 of the superior temporal gyrus) causes marked by dementia, aphasia, parkinsonian aspects, and change in personality

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9
Q

What are these?

A

Pick bodies: silver staining spherical tau protein aggregates

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10
Q

What is Lewy body dementia?

A

initially dementia and visual hallucinations followed by parkinsonian features

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11
Q

What causes Lewy body dementia?

A

a-synuclein defect (Lewy bodies, primarily cortical)

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12
Q

What is Creutzfield-Jakob disease?

A

rapidly progressive (weeks to months) dementia with myoclonus (“starte myoclonus)

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13
Q

What is myoclonus?

A

Myoclonus is a brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles. It describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease.

These myoclonic twitches, jerks, or seizures are usually caused by sudden muscle contractions (positive myoclonus) or brief lapses of contraction (negative myoclonus). The most common circumstance under which they occur is while falling asleep (hypnic jerk).

Myoclonic jerks occur in healthy persons and are experienced occasionally by everyone. However, when they appear with more persistence and become more widespread they can be a sign of various neurological disorders. Hiccups are a kind of myoclonic jerk specifically affecting the diaphragm. When a spasm is caused by another person it is known as a provoked spasm. Shudderingattacks in babies fall in this category.

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14
Q

Other features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

spongiform cortex affected

prions present

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15
Q

What are some other causes of dementia?

A

multi-infarct (aka vascular, 2nd most common cause of dementia in the elderly)

syphillis, HIV

vitamin B1, B3, or B12 deficiency

Wilson disease

normal pressure hydrocephalus

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16
Q

What is MS?

A

Autoimmune inflammatory and demyelination of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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17
Q

When is MS common to present initially?

A

more common in white living further from the equator

women in their 20-30s

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18
Q

How does MS present?

A

can present with:

optic neuritis (sudden loss of vision resultin in Marcus Gunn pupils)

INO

hemiparesis

hemisensory symptoms

bladder/bowerl incontinence

all with a remitting and relapsing course

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19
Q

What are the lab findings of MS?

A

increased CSF protein (IgG)

Oligoclonal bands are diagnostic

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20
Q

The gold standard for MS diagnosis is an MRI. How does it appear?

A

preiventricular plaques (area of oligodendrocyte loss and reactive gliosis) with destruction of axons

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21
Q

How is MS tx?

A

slow progression with disease-modifying therapies (e.g. B-interferon, natalizumab).

Tx acute flares with IV steroids

Symptomatic tx for neurogenic bladder (catheterization, muscarinic antagonists), spasicity (baclofen), pain (opiods)

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22
Q

What is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy?

A

the most common subtype of Guillian-Barre syndrome, and is an autoimmune condition that destroys Schwann cells causing inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor fibers

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23
Q

How does acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy present?

A

symmetric ascending muscle weakness and/or paralysis beginning in lower extremities

may see autonomic dysregulation (e.g. cardiac irregularities, HTN or hypotension) or sensory abnormalities

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24
Q

What is the prognosis for acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy?

A

almost all survive and the majority recover completely after weeks to months

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25
Q

What are the lab findings of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy?

A

increased CSF protein with normal cell count (may cause papilledema)

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26
Q

What are some associations with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy?

A

infections (viral, Campylobacter)- autoimmune attack of peripheral myelin due to molecular mimicry

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27
Q

Tx of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy?

A

respiratory support is critical until recovery

additional: plasmapheresis, IV immunoglobulin

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28
Q

What are some other demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases?

A
  • Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis
  • Charcot- Marie-Tooth disease
  • Krabbe disease
  • Metachromatic leukodystrophy
  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  • adrenoleukodystrophy
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29
Q

Describe Acute disseminated (postinfectious) encephalomyelitis

A

multifocal perivntricular inflammation and demyelination after infection (commonly measles or VZV) or certain vaccinations (e.g. rabies, smallpox)

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30
Q

Describe Charcot-Marie-Tooth

A

aka hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)

group of progressive hereditary nerve disorders related to the defective production of proteins involved in the structure and function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath

31
Q

What is the MOI of Charcot-Marie-Tooth?

A

AD

32
Q

What are the main associations of Charcot-Marie-Tooth?

A

scoliosis and foot deformities

33
Q

What is Krabbe disease?

A

AR lysosomal storage disease due to deficiency of galactocerebrosidase, causing buildup of galacocerebroside and psychosine that destroys meylin sheath

34
Q

What are the main findings of Krabbe disease?

A

peripheral neuropathy

developmental delay

optic atrophy

globoid cells

35
Q

Describe metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

AR lysosomal storage disease, most commonly due to arylsulfatase A deficiency, causing a buildup of sulfatides that leads to impaired production and destruction of myelin sheath

36
Q

How does metachromatic leukodystrophy present?

A

central and peripheral demyelination with atexia and dementia

37
Q

What is progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A

demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendrocytes associated with JC virus

38
Q

Who commonly gets progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A

seen in 2-4% of AIDS pts. (reactivation)

-risk with those using natalizumab and rituximab

39
Q

What is the prognosis for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A

rapidly progressive and usually fatal

40
Q

What is adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

X-linked disorder (typically affecting males) that disrupts metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids causing excessive buildup in nervous system, adrenal gland, and testes

Can lead to adrenal crisis and/or coma/death

41
Q

What are the types of seizures?

A

partial (focal) and generalized

42
Q

Where are partial seizures most common?

A

(affect single area of the brain) and most commonly originate in the medial temporal lobe (often preceded by seizure aura)

43
Q

What are the types of partial seizures?

A

simple partial (consciousness intact)

complex- consciousness impaired

44
Q

A disorder of recurrent seizures is called?

A

Epilepsy (febrile seizures are not epilepsy)

45
Q

What is Status epilepticus?

A

continous or recurring seizure(s) that may result in brain injury

46
Q

What are the types of generalized seizures?

A

Absence (petit mal)- 3 Hz, no postictal confusion, blank stare

Myoclonic- quick, repetitive jerks

Tonic-clonic (grand mal)- alternating stifferning and movement

Tonic- stiffening

Atonic- “drop” seizures (falls to floor)

47
Q

What are the most common causes of seizures in children?

A

genetic, infection (febrile), trauma, metabolic

48
Q

What are the most common causes of seizures in adults?

A

tumor, trauma, stroke, infection

49
Q

What are the most common causes of seizures in the elderly?

A

stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection

50
Q

What causes headaches?

A

mostly irritation of structures such as the dura, cranial nerves, or sometimes extracranial structures

51
Q

What are the main types of HA?

A
  • Cluster
  • Tension
  • Migraine
52
Q

Describe cluster HA

A

unilateral HA usually lasting 15 min- 3 hr and described as repetitive, brief headaches with excruciating periorbital pain with lacrimation and rhinorrhea. (may induce Horner syndrome)

common in males

53
Q

How is a cluster HA tx?

A

100% O2, sumatriptan

54
Q

Describe tension HAs

A

Bilateral, typically lasting longer than 30 min (4-6 hr usual) and described as a steady pain, with no photophobia or phonophobia (no aura)

55
Q

How are tension HAs tx?

A

analgesics, NSAIDs, amitriptyline for chronic

56
Q

Describe migraines

A

Unilateral and typically lasting from 4-72 hrs, and described as a pulsating pain with nausea, photphobia or phonophobia (may have aura).

Due to irritation of CN V, meninges, or blood vessels (release of substance P)

57
Q

How are migraines tx?

A

abortive therapies (e.g. triptans) and prophaylaxis (e.g. propanolol, topiramate, CCBs, and amitriptyline)

58
Q

What are some other common causes of migraine?

A

subarchnoid hemorrhage (‘wost HA of my life’)

meningitis

hydrocephalus

neoplasia

arteritis (GCA)

59
Q

What is vertigo? What are the main types?

A

sensation of spinnnng white actually stationary

-peripheral and central

60
Q

Describe peripheral vertigo

A

more common and typically due to inner ear etiology (e.g. semicircular canal debris, vestibular nerve infeciton, Meniere disease). May cause delayed horizontal nystagmus

61
Q

Describe central vertigo

A

brain stem or cerebellar lesion (.e.g stroke affecting vestibular nuclei or posterior fossa tumor).

Findings: directional change of nystagmus, skew deviation, diplopia, dysmetria

Positional testing: immediate nystagmus in any direction; may change directions

62
Q

What are some common Neurocutaneous disorders?

A
  • Sturge Weber syndrome
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Neurofibromatosus type I (von Recklinghausen disease)
  • von Hippel Lindau disease
63
Q

What causes Sturge Weber syndrome?

A

congenital, non-inherited (somatic), developmental anomaly of neural crest derivatives (mesoderm/ectoderm) due to activating mutation of GNAQ gene

64
Q

How does Sturge Weber syndrome present?

A

small (capillary-sized) blood vessels are affected causing post-wine stain of the face (nevus flammeus, a non-neoplastic “birthmark” of CN V1/V2 distribution)

ipsilateral leptimeningeal angioma (below)

episclerosl hemangioma (raises IOP and can lead to early-onset glaucoma)

65
Q

What can a ipsilateral leptimeningeal angioma in Sturge Weber cause?

A

seizures/epilepsy and/or intellectual disability

66
Q

Sturge Weber syndrome symptoms mnemonic

A

STURGE-Weber

Sporadic/post-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications (opposing gyri), Unilateral, Retardation, Glaucoma/GNAQ gene, Epilepsy

67
Q

How does tuberous sclerosis present?

A

HAMARTOMAS

Hamartomas in the CNS and skin

Angiofibromas

Mitral regurg

Ash-leaf spots

cardiac Rhabdomyomas

Tuberous sclerosis

autosomal dOminant

Mental retardation

renal Angiomyolipoma

Seziures/Shagreen patches

68
Q

Angiofibroma (as seen in TS)

A

Ash-leaf spots (as seen in TS)

69
Q

Tuberou sclerosis increases the risk of what?

A

subepdenymal astrocytomas and ungual fibromas

70
Q

How does Neruofibromatosis type I present?

A

Cafe-au-lait spots (below)

Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas)

cutaneous neurofibromas (skin tumors of NF-1 are derived from neural crest cells)

optic gliomas

pheochromocytoma

71
Q

Lisch nodules (as seen in NFM type I)

A

as seen in NFM type I

72
Q

What causes NFM type I?

A

mutated NF1 tumor suppressor gene (neurofibromin, a negative regulator of RAS) on chromosome 17

73
Q

How does VHL disease present?

A

Hemangioblastomas (high vascularity with hyperchromatic nuclei) in the retina, brain stem, cerebellum, and spine (below)

angiomatosis (e.g. cavernous hemangiomas in skin, mucosa, organs)

bilateral renal cell carcinomas

pheos

STEP 1 (3) (16 decks)

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