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Nervous System > Psychiatry > Flashcards

Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

what is anxiety

A

feeling of worry, nervousness or unease about something with an uncertain outcome

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2
Q

what are the symptoms of anxiety

A

palpitations, dry mouth, sweating, difficultly breathing, nausea and chest pain

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3
Q

what are the different types of anxiety disorder

A

social phobia, specific phobias, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, OCD, PTSD

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4
Q

what are the 2 theories behind the causes of anxiety

A

decreased GABA or serotonin

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5
Q

what are the treatments for anxiety

A

SSRIs, benzodiazepines, CBT

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6
Q

how do SSRIs help in anxiety

A

these are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors which increase serotonin levels

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7
Q

how do benzodiazepines help in anxiety

A

increase GABA transmissions by enhancing GABA binding

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8
Q

why aren’t benzodiazepines used long term

A

they are addictive and very dangerous in an overdose

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9
Q

how does cognitive behaviour therapy work

A

this is where you look at your current problems and change the way you think and behave about them

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10
Q

what is post traumatic stress disorder

A

this is an anxiety disorder which occurs within 6 months of a traumatic even of exceptional severity resulting in repetitive, intrusion recollections of the event

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11
Q

what is the theory behind the causes of PTSD

A

hyperactivity of the amygdala

low cortisol

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12
Q

what is the treatment for PTSD

A

SSRIs, benzodiazepine, CBT, eye movement desensitisation

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13
Q

what is OCD

A

an anxiety disorder where a person has both obsessive and compulsive traits

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14
Q

how is OCD diagnosed

A

if the patient has obsessions and compulsions of a repetitive and unpleasant nature, most days for a 2 week period
the patient will acknowledge these and cant resist them

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15
Q

what is the theory behind the causes of OCD

A
  • re-entry circuits in the basal ganglia
  • reduced serotonin
  • PANDAS
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16
Q

what is PANDAS

A

paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection

this is where children have psychiatric problems following strep A infection

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17
Q

what are the treatments for OCD

A

CBT, exposure response prevention, high/long dose of SSRIs, clomipramine, deep brain stimulation

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18
Q

what is an obsession

A

a thought which persists and dominants and individuals thinking

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19
Q

what is a compulsion

A

obsessional impulse which leads directly to an action

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20
Q

what are the 2 types of psychosis

A

organic and functional

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21
Q

what is organic psychosis

A

where the brain changes in diseases to cause physical and behavioural/mood changes e.g. parkinsons, infection, tumour, epilepsy

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22
Q

what is functional psychosis

A

disorders in which there is behaviour changes with no physical brain changes e.g. anxiety and depression

23
Q

what are some of the predisposing causes of depression

A

genetics, childhood experiences, female gender

24
Q

what are some of the perpetuating causes of depression

A

stressful job, unemployment, substance misuse

25
Q

what are some of the precipitating causes of depression

A

loss of family members, divorce, loss of health

26
Q

what are the treatments for depression

A

SSRIs

CBT

27
Q

what 2 neurotransmitters are thought to be affected in depression

A

serotonin and noradrenaline

28
Q

what does the drug AMPT do

A

decreases noradrenaline production

29
Q

which areas of the brain are thought to be affected in depression

A

limbic, prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

30
Q

what are some physical disorder which can cause depression

A

thyroid problems, vitamin B12 deficiency, chronic illness, alcohol/drug abuse

31
Q

what are some symptoms of depression

A

low mood, lack of energy, lack of interest
depressive thoughts
lack of eating and sleeping

32
Q

what is psychosis

A

the presence of hallucinations and delusions without insight from the patient

33
Q

what are the different types of psychosis

A

schizophrenia, drug induced, affective and postpartum

34
Q

what is drug induced psychosis

A

where psychotic symptoms develop 48 hours after substance use and last more than 48 hours

35
Q

what is affective psychosis

A

where psychotic experiences come with mood e.g. guilt delusions with depression

36
Q

what is postpartum psychosis

A

where symptoms occur days/weeks after delivery and develop quickly

37
Q

what are the presentations of schizophrenia

A

auditory hallucinations, thought withdrawal, delusional perceptions, passivity experiences and somatic hallucinations

38
Q

what is thought withdrawal

A

when patients think their thoughts are being taken out of their mind

39
Q

what are delusional perceptions

A

where patients see something which is normal but give it a different meaning

40
Q

what are passivity experiences

A

where the patient believes part of their body is being moved by an external force

41
Q

what are some organic causes of schizophrenia

A

delirium with infection, alcohol withdrawal, drugs, seizures, hyperthyroidism, lupus, Parkinson’s treatment

42
Q

what are the 5 types of schizophrenia

A

paranoid, hebephrenic, simple, undifferentiated, catatonic

43
Q

what is paranoid schizophrenia

A

where hallucinations and delusions are prominent

44
Q

what is hebephrenic schizophrenia

A

where the patient acts inappropriately and in a childish manner

45
Q

what is simple schizophrenia

A

loss of social drive, social withdrawal, decline in social/work performance

46
Q

what is catatonic schizophrenia

A

where they experience mutism, posturing, negativism, rigidity, command automatism, waxy flexibility

47
Q

what is negativism

A

won’t do as they are told

48
Q

what 2 dopamine pathways are affected in schizophrenia

A

mesolimbic and mesocortical `

49
Q

what is the mesolimbic pathway

A

dopamine being delivered from the ventral tegmental area to the limbic structures

50
Q

what is the mesocortical pathway

A

dopamine being delivered from the ventral tegmental area to the prefrontal cortex

51
Q

what is anti-NMDA encephalitis

A

where the body produces auto-antibodies against neurones found in teratoma tumours which then attacks the brain giving a psychotic presentation

52
Q

what are the treatments for schizophrenia

A
  • typical antipsychotics = D2 blockers

- atypical antipsychotics = partial D2 blockers

53
Q

what are the side effects of typical antipsychotics

A

Parkinson symptoms

acute dystonia

Nervous System (15 decks)

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