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Nervous System > Motor System > Flashcards

Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

where are the cell bodies of upper motor neurones found

A

in the motor cortex of the pre-central gyrus

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2
Q

what are the 2 functions of the UMNs

A
  • directly excite LMN

- indirectly inhibit LMNs through interneurones

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3
Q

what is the net effect of UMN - is it excitatory or inhibitory on the LMNs

A

inhibitory

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4
Q

what is the corona radiata

A

bundles of radiating fibres making up the white tissue through which the axons of the UMNs travel through

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5
Q

at which point do the fibres making the corona radiata get much closer

A

internal capsule

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6
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

the space between the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus

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7
Q

describe the pathway of the UMNs which synapse with spinal nerves

A

descend through the corona radiata, through the internal capsule, cerebral puduncle, non, medullary pyramids and then descends and synapses at the ventral horn

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8
Q

where the the UMN decussate

A

at the medially pyramids

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9
Q

what is the name of the tract which UMN descend through to synapse with spinal nerves

A

coritcospinal tract

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10
Q

which side of the face do the UMNs suppling the upper face project

A

contraleterally and ipsilaterally

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11
Q

which side of the face do the UMNs suppling the lower face project

A

contralaterally only

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12
Q

what is the name of the tract for the UMNs involved with the facial nerve

A

corticobulbar tract

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13
Q

what are the signs of damage to the UMNs

A

weakness
hyperreflexia
hypertonia
extensor plantar reflex

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14
Q

what is spinal shock

A

this is where immediately after UMN damage the LMNs shut down so you get signs of LMN damage. however the LMNs gradually begin to work again so thats when you develop signs of a UMN damage

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15
Q

what are the signs of LMN damage

A 
weakness
areflexia 
hypotonia 
muscle wastage 
fasciculation
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16
Q

why is muscle wastage seen in a LMN lesion

A

as the LMNs supply trophic factors such as growth factors to their target muscles

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17
Q

what are the functions of LMNs

A

muscle contraction

spinal reflexes

18
Q

where is the cell body of a LMN found

A

either in the ventral horn or motor-nuclei in the brainstem

19
Q

what do the 3 cerebellar peduncles attach to

A

superior attaches to the midbrain
middle attaches to pons
inferior attaches to the medulla

20
Q

does cerebellar damage cause contralateral or ipsilateral symptoms

A

ipsilateral

21
Q

what are the causes of cerebellar damage

A

tumour, alcohol, stroke, MS, epilepsy medication

22
Q

how can cerebellar injury cause hydrocephalus

A

lesions of the vermis can extend to compress the 4th ventricle

23
Q

what are the symptoms of cerebellum damage

A 
dysdiadochokinesis 
ataxia 
nystagmus 
intention tremor 
slurred speech 
hypotonia
24
Q

what is the basal ganglia

A

a group of structures in the brain which help to coordinate and control motor function

25
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen, globus pallidus externa and interna

26
Q

what makes up the striatum

A

putamen and cordate nucleus

27
Q

what makes up the substania nigra

A

pars compacta and pars recticularis

28
Q

where in the basal ganglia are dopamingeric neurones found

A

pars compacta of the substania nigra

29
Q

what does the direct pathway of the basal ganglia do

A

allows for movement due to stimulation of the motor cortex

30
Q

what happens to the direct pathway of the basal ganglia in the presence of dopamine

A

there is increased stimulation of the motor cortex

31
Q

what does the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia do

A

inhibits the stimulation of the motor cortex preventing movement

32
Q

what happens to the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia in the presence of dopamine

A

it will then promote the stimulation of the motor cortex to allow for movement

33
Q

what is motor neurone disease

A

a degenerative disorder affecting both upper and lower motor neurones

34
Q

what are the causes of motor neurone disease

A

most are sporadic but can also be familial

35
Q

what is Huntington’s disease

A

a progressive neurodegenerative disorder where there is cell loss in the striatum of the basal ganglia

36
Q

which pathway of the basal ganglia is affected in Huntington’s disease

A

indirect - however, as the disease progresses it can also affect the direct pathway

37
Q

what are the symptoms of huntingtons disease

A

chorea, dystonia, incoordination and cognitive decline

38
Q

what is hemiballismus

A

where there is damage to the subthalamic nucleus resulting in abnormal unilateral movement

39
Q

which pathway of the basal ganglia is affected in hemiballismus

A

indirect

40
Q

what usually causes hemiballismus

A

sub-cortical stroke

41
Q

what is parkinsons disease

A

where there is progressive degeneration of the substania nigra resulting is a dopamine deficiency

42
Q

what are the features of parkinsons disease

A 
resting tremor 
bradykinesia
hypertonia 
shuffling gait 
dementia

Nervous System (15 decks)

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