psychiatric disorders (4.4)

Question 1

human behavior

Answer 1

the product of brain activity

Question 2

mutually interacting factors that produce the brain (2)

Answer 2

heredity, environment

Question 3

psychiatric disorders

Answer 3

altered processes of thought, mood or behavior that are sufficiently severe as to cause distress or impaired function and require treatment

Question 4

DSM-5

Answer 4

guides diagnosis of psychiatric disorders

Question 5

major psychiatric disorders (5)

Answer 5

schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), affective (emotional) disorders, anxiety-related disorders, Tourette’s syndrome

Question 6

schizophrenia

Answer 6

“the splitting of psychic functions;” the breakdown of integration of emotion, thought, and action; most commonly associated with the concept of madness; affects 1% of the population

Question 7

positive (5) and negative (5) symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 7

positive: delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, incoherent speech/thought, odd behavior
negative: flat affect, alogia (poor thinking inferred from speech), avolition (absence of motivation to act), anhedonia (no pleasure), catatonia (locked in a physical position)

Question 8

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Answer 8

excess dopamine as a factor in the disorder; treatment with antipsychotic drugs (dopamine antagonists); blocking D2 receptors

Question 9

ADHD

Answer 9

a neurodevelopmental disorder in which there are significant problems with executive function (i.e. attentional and inhibitory control) that cause attention deficits, hyperactivity or impulsiveness not appropriate for a person’s age

Question 10

affective disorders

Answer 10

characterized by disturbances of mood or emotion (specifically sadness and happiness)

Question 11

depression vs mania

Answer 11

depression: a state low mood that persists for more than 2 weeks; too much sadness
mania: overconfidence, impulsivity, distractibility, and high energy; too much happiness

Question 12

antidepressants

Answer 12

agonists of the monoamines serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 13

neuroplasticity theory

Answer 13

suggests that depression results from a reduction in the synthesis of neurotrophins in cortical areas and a decrease in adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus

Question 14

anxiety-related disorders

Answer 14

characterized by an inappropriate expression of fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat; usually accompanied by physiological symptoms including tachycardia, hypertension, sleep disturbances, and nausea

Question 15

anxiety-related disorders (anxiety (3), OCD, PTSD)

Answer 15

general anxiety: stress and anxiety in the absence of a stimulus
phobic anxiety: stress and anxiety triggered by a particular stimulus
panic anxiety: sudden attacks of extreme fear and stress
OCD: frequently recurring, anxiety-producing thoughts and impulsive acts
PTSD: distress following exreme stress

Question 16

anxiety problems (problem, source, target, goal, med) (2)

Answer 16

(1)
problem: won’t shut down
source: VMPF
target: amygdala
goal: have to shut down the amygdala
med: GABA agonists
(2)
problem: too little serotonin
source: Raphe nucleus
target: hippocampus
goal: more serotonin to detect cortisol to shut down
med: serotonin agonists

Question 17

Tourette syndrome

Answer 17

a disorder of tics (involuntary movements) or vocalizations

Question 18

neuroleptics (treatment, source, target)

Answer 18

treat: Tourette syndrome; source: substantia nigra; target: striatum