PSYCH100 Learning Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
a) Learning through observation
b) Learning through consequences
c) Learning through pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
d) Learning through imitation
c) Learning through pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
What is a reflex?
a) A learned behavior
b) A behavior elicited automatically by an environmental stimulus
c) A voluntary action
d) A behavior that requires conscious thought
b) A behavior elicited automatically by an environmental stimulus
What is stimulus generalization?
a) The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited only by identical stimuli
b) The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by similar stimuli
c) The elimination of a conditioned response
d) The re-emergence of an extinguished response
b) The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by similar stimuli
What is spontaneous recovery?
a) The elimination of a conditioned response
b) The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response
c) The pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
d) The generalization of a conditioned response
b) The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response
What is the Law of Effect?
a) Behaviors that produce satisfying outcomes are more likely to occur again
b) Behaviors that are punished are more likely to occur again
c) Behaviors are learned through observation
d) Behaviors are innate and cannot be changed
a) Behaviors that produce satisfying outcomes are more likely to occur again
What is the three-term contingency in operant conditioning?
a) Stimulus - Response - Reinforcement
b) Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
c) Stimulus - Reflex - Response
d) Behavior - Punishment - Extinction
b) Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?
a) A stimulus that elicits a reflex
b) A stimulus that signals a behavior will result in a certain consequence
c) A stimulus that causes extinction
d) A stimulus that generalizes a response
b) A stimulus that signals a behavior will result in a certain consequence
What is positive reinforcement?
a) Adding something to decrease behavior
b) Adding something to increase behavior
c) Removing something to increase behavior
d) Removing something to decrease behavior
b) Adding something to increase behavior
What is negative reinforcement?
a) Adding something to decrease behavior
b) Adding something to increase behavior
c) Removing something to increase behavior
d) Removing something to decrease behavior
c) Removing something to increase behavior
What is stimulus discrimination?
a) The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by similar stimuli
b) The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited only by identical stimuli
c) The elimination of a conditioned response
d) The reappearance of a conditioned response
b) The tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited only by identical stimuli
Why is classical conditioning adaptive?
a) It helps organisms learn voluntary behaviors
b) It helps organisms quickly learn adaptive responses to dangerous stimuli
c) It eliminates unconditioned responses
d) It prevents stimulus generalization
b) It helps organisms quickly learn adaptive responses to dangerous stimuli
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
a) The strengthening of a conditioned response
b) The elimination of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
c) The pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
d) The reappearance of a conditioned response after a break
b) The elimination of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
What is extinction in operant conditioning?
A) Reinforcing a behavior continuously
B) Reinforcing a behavior intermittently
C) The reinforcer no longer follows the behavior
D) Increasing the frequency of a behavior
C) The reinforcer no longer follows the behavior
What is an extinction burst?
A) A sudden decrease in behavior
B) An initial increase in the behavior when extinction begins
C) A steady rate of behavior
D) A complete cessation of behavior
B) An initial increase in the behavior when extinction begins
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
A) Reinforcing behavior that is progressively closer to the target behavior
B) Reinforcing behavior intermittently
C) Reinforcing behavior continuously
D) Extinguishing a behavior
A) Reinforcing behavior that is progressively closer to the target behavior
Which schedule of reinforcement is fast to learn but also fast to extinguish?
A) Fixed Ratio
B) Variable Ratio
C) Fixed Interval
D) Continuous Reinforcement
D) Continuous Reinforcement
Which schedule of reinforcement results in a high rate of behavior with few pauses?
A) Fixed Ratio
B) Variable Ratio
C) Fixed Interval
D) Continuous Reinforcement
B) Variable Ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement results in a “scalloped” pattern of behavior?
A) Fixed Ratio
B) Variable Ratio
C) Fixed Interval
D) Continuous Reinforcement
C) Fixed Interval
What is latent learning?
A) Learning that occurs only with reinforcement
B) Learning that occurs without reinforcement but is demonstrated when reinforcement is introduced
C) Learning that occurs through observation
D) Learning that occurs through insight
B) Learning that occurs without reinforcement but is demonstrated when reinforcement is introduced
What is observational learning?
A) Learning through direct reinforcement
B) Learning through shaping
C) Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
D) Learning through extinction
C) Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
What is insight learning?
A) Learning through direct reinforcement
B) Learning through shaping
C) Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
D) Learning by suddenly understanding the solution to a problem
D) Learning by suddenly understanding the solution to a problem
What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?
A) A science that applies principles of learning to improve socially significant behavior
B) A method of teaching new behaviors through punishment
C) A technique for reinforcing behavior intermittently
D) A method of extinguishing unwanted behaviors
A) A science that applies principles of learning to improve socially significant behavior
