psych unit 3

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

learning that events occur together

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

learning that occurs when two things become automatic

Question 3

neural stimulus

Answer 3

something that elects no response before conditioning

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

something that naturally and automatically triggers a response
example: food in mouth

Question 5

unconditioned response

Answer 5

an unlearned natural response to something
example: salivating to food

Question 6

positive reinforcement

Answer 6

increases behavior by presenting something rewarding

Question 7

negative reinforcement

Answer 7

increases behavior by stopping/reducing a negative stimuli

Question 8

positive punishment

Answer 8

adding an unfavorable consequence to discourage a behavior, such as scolding or imposing a fine.

Question 9

negative punishment

Answer 9

involves taking away something desirable to reduce a behavior, such as revoking privileges or access to a favorite activity.

Question 10

fixed ratio

Answer 10

a reward is given after a set number of desired behaviors occur.

Question 11

fixed interval

Answer 11

given a reward at a specific consistent time

Question 12

variable ratio

Answer 12

a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.

Question 13

variable interval

Answer 13

unspecific and unconisitent time a reward is given

Question 14

explicit memory

Answer 14

facts (semantic) and experiences (episodic)
hippocampus

Question 15

implicit memory

Answer 15

Skills, associations
Often unconscious, automatic cerebellum

Question 16

encoding

Answer 16

perceiving information and creating a memory

Question 17

storage

Answer 17

placing and keeping information in memories

Question 18

retrieval

Answer 18

bringing back information from memory to awareness

Question 19

recognition

Answer 19

being able to recognize something you have seen before

Question 20

recall

Answer 20

being able to remember something without being prompted

Question 21

sensory memory

Answer 21

immediate, very brief

Question 22

short term/working memory

Answer 22

conscious, active processing

Question 23

long-term memory

Answer 23

relatively permanent, limitless

Question 24

chunking

Answer 24

breaking things into a chunks so its easier to remember

Question 25

mnemonics

Answer 25

using memory aids that often involve vivid imagery or associations. For example, the mnemonic “PEMDAS” helps people remember the order of operations in math (

Question 26

distributed practice

Answer 26

spaced out repetition, studying over time rather then cramming

Question 27

vizuilazation

Answer 27

creating mental images or diagrams to represent information or concepts

Question 28

priming

Answer 28

occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection

Question 29

context-dependent memory

Answer 29

a phenomenon in which the retrieval of memories is stronger when it occurs in the same environment or context in which the memories were originally formed.

Question 30

serial position effect

Answer 30

the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle

Question 31

Proactive interference vs. Retroactive interference

Answer 31

when a person is trying to learn or recall a new memory while the old memory keeps interfering. Retroactive interference happens when new memories interfere with trying to remember old memories or information.

Question 32

Anterograde amnesia vs. Retrograde amnesia

Answer 32

A person cannot remember new information but can remember events from before the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia: A person can remember new information but cannot remember events from before the onset of amnesia.

Question 33

The misinformation effect

Answer 33

occurs when a person’s recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information.

Question 34

bottom-up processing

Answer 34

Begins with
sensory
receptors and
works up to
brain

Question 35

top-down processing

Answer 35

Guided by
higher-order
processes;
perceptions
drawing on
experiences/
expectations

Question 36

transduction

Answer 36

Conversion of one form of energy into another
● Transforming sights/smells/sounds into neural impulses that
our brain can interpret

Question 37

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 37

● Diminished sensitivity after constant stimulation
○ Our nose is always in our vision, our brain just
blokes it out

Question 38

rons

Answer 38

detect black and white; peripheral vision

Question 39

■ Cones:

Answer 39

color vision, fine detail

Question 40

traumatic theory

Answer 40

ye color receptor types,
each sensitive to red,
green, and blue
wavelengths
● Color = stimulates cones
● Color-deficient = colorblind
●

Answer 41

Opposing processes (red-
green, blue-yellow, white-
black) enable color vision
● Cones’ responses are then
processed by opponent-
process cells.
● Afterimages