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Psych 202 > Psych Unit 14 and 15 > Flashcards

Psych Unit 14 and 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disorder Definitions

A

Statistical Abnormality:
- if someone is outside the frame (2 standard deviations away from the mean) we consider them as abnormal

Deviation from “Ideal” behavior:
- People are different

Abnormal Behavior as Distressing/Harmful to self and others:
- causes person/others distress and harm

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2
Q

Systems for Diagnosis Disorders

A
  1. DSM (American Psychiatric Association) USA uses this
  2. ICD (WHO) rest of the world uses this
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3
Q

Personality Disorders NOT Diagnosed in Children

A

they can’t be diagnosed with personality disorders as their personality isn’t really developed yet

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4
Q

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A
  • hard to read social situations
  • they tend to read the wrong parts of face (instead of eyes and mouth they look at cheeks or other part)
  • communication delays (speak later on in life)
  • don’t have theory of the mind
  • cognitive impairments (trouble in one area but excel in another)
  • like routine
  • stimming (repetitive behaviors, can mask them when they older, self-soothing, can indicate an oncoming meltdown)

*wide spectrum because people do different behaviors and have differing levels of functioning (ex: high functioning – average person might not know they have autism)

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5
Q

Savantism

A
  • it’s rare
  • they have remarkable abilities in a specific area (like being a prodigy)

Stephan Wiltshire: has autism
- Savant in reading and art
- he could look at something and then draw it in detail from memory
- photographic memory (sees something and then draws it from memory by only referencing his memory of it)

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6
Q

Casual Factors for ASD

A
  • primarily biological – 70-90% concordance rate for MZ twins (tells us autism is biological)
  • parents who have older kids
  • brain growth differences (tends to be very fast but becomes very slow during adolescence
  • either ASD is because of environmental factors or we are better at diagnosing it
  • not due to vaccines
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7
Q

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

A
  • used to treat autism when kids with autism have repeated behaviors that are harmful so they are put in an institution
  • the institution uses operant conditioning and positive reinforcement – it’s an intensive therapy
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8
Q

ADHD Symptoms

A
  • impulse control disorder
  • restless, impulsive, inattentive
  • have difficulty following instructions, maintaining attention on tasks, maintaining friendships
  • ADHD is very prevalent
  • it’s possible people are over-diagnosing it (young kids are active and it’s normal if they have difficulty focusing)

*people can also just have ADD (not hyperactive)

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9
Q

Casual Factors of ADHD

A
  • it’s biological (MZ twins’ concordance rate = 55%)
  • there could be an issue with the frontal lobe connecting to the limbic system
  • environmental dangers: lead contamination, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco
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10
Q

Stimulant Medication to treat ADHD

A
  • Ritalin and Adderall
  • *they’re agonists so they increase the activity of neurotransmitters (dopamine and norepinephrine)
  • *it’s a stimulant – it doesn’t slow down but helps the person focus their attention
  • the meds help people have more positive behaviors and reduce negative behaviors
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11
Q

Behavioral Treatments for ADHD

A
  • can use treatment using operant conditioning
  • parent training – train parents how to manage their child with ADHD
  • classroom management: teachers can help manage students with ADHD
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12
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A
  • it’s a general framework to understand the cause of any disease

**tells us how psychological disorders develop because of the interaction between biological or predisposition (diathesis) and environmental stressors

Diathesis:
- predisposing factors (nature or environmental factors)
- interacts with the stress
- genetics, personality traits, environment, early and prolonged stressors
ex: a family history of depression could increase their susceptibility to depression

stress: nurture
- triggering factors
- stressful major life events that can be associated with the onset of psychopathological symptoms in adulthood
ex: childhood abuse

  • tells us how we might develop mental health issues based on the interactions of genetics and the environment
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13
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Symptoms

A
  • not everyday anxiety
  • have to have anxiety for more days than not in the past 6 months
  • person finds it difficult to control the worry
  • restless feeling (feeling on edge)
  • sleep disturbances
  • hard to concentrate
  • irritability
  • easily fatigued
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14
Q

Panic Disorder Symptoms

A

sudden occurrence of symptoms that contribute to a feeling of terror; panic attacks

  • panic attacks can occur without a trigger
  • person reports terror after panic attack

agoraphobia: an extreme fear of going out into public places
- the fear is that they will not get help when needing help

**sympathetic nervous system is activated for all of these disorders

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15
Q

Phobic Disorders Symptoms

A

phobia: excessive fear of an object or situation
- specific phobia: heights, snakes, germs, elevators

social anxiety: fear of being scrutinized or criticized by others
- fear of meeting new people
- fear of public speaking

agoraphobia

**people with these fears have them because their ancestors passed them down as a way to survive evolutionary
ex: snakes were threatening so they passed down a fear of snakes

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16
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms

A

Obsessions: repetitive, intrusive thoughts
- Ex: Charlie’s mom is afraid of her son getting hurt so she knocks on wood 3 times before he leaves the house

Compulsions: ritualistic behaviors designed to fend of obsessions
*the compulsion is the action being repeated
*the obsession is the thought you perseverate on

  • diagnosed when you are doing compulsions that prevent you from living normally

OCD Cycle: you obsess over thoughts or worries – drives anxiety which causes the compulsions and then you feel temporary relief from them only to go back to the obsession

*obsessions–> anxiety–> compulsions–> relief–> obsessions

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17
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms

A
  • occurs after a traumatic event
    ex: first responders after 9/11
  • in a constant state of alertness because their sympathetic nervous system is activated

hypervigilance – they’re jumpy and on edge

  • avoid stimuli associated with the trauma
  • flashbacks, intrusive thoughts or nightmares about the traumatic event
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18
Q

Casual Factors of OCD

A
  • biological (MZ concordance of 60-80%)
  • dysfunction in brain regions
  • low serotonin because their brain is more efficient at processing serotonin
  • strep infection as a young child
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19
Q

Similarities among Psych Disorders

A

**BIOLOGICAL – MZ Twin Concordance Rate
**Sympathetic Nervous System is ACTIVATED

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20
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

helping a patient correct and identify distorted thoughts about the self, others, or the world

ex: someone thinking that everyone will judge them if they raise their hand in class

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21
Q

Cognitive Restructuring/Reframing

A

team patients to question when they have automatic beliefs, assumptions or predictions that lead to negative thinking
- want patients to replace NEGATIVE thinking with POSITIVE thinking

ex: telling yourself you’re a good student

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22
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A
  • a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies
  • cycle of behavior, thoughts, feelings

ex: thinking you’re a bad student and will fail a test
- you can ask yourself why you think this
- what evidence in the past supports this claim?
- what contradicts this? Why will you do well?

**idea that thoughts, behaviors, and feelings are all interconnected
- common therapy practice

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23
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

you gradually expose someone to what they’re afraid of

  • you change their conditioned emotional response (CER) to the stimuli they don’t like using classical conditioning

ex: patients who are afraid of snakes
- you have them look at the snake and get closer and closer while asking them how they feel
- eventually they touch it and realize that it’s not so scary

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24
Q

Height Phobia Video Example

A

the man was afraid of taking elevators so he used VR to not be afraid
- the VR simulated that he was high up so he wouldn’t be afraid
- in real life, he wasn’t afraid of heights anymore

**the thinking is that you have to face your fear and the fear will decrease – you will see that you will be okay

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25
Q

Anxiety Disorder Medications

A

– people with anxiety don’t have enough GABA in their central nervous system

**the meds act to increase the GABA (agonists)
**the drugs used to treat anxiety are GABA agonists

meds: SSRIs
panic disorder usually involves meds and CBT

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26
Q

What is the Most Effective Treatment for Anxiety Disorders?

A

CBT and medication together

***psychotherapy and medication is the best combination/way to treat anxiety disorders

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27
Q

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms (MDD)

A

profound, persistent depression for 2 or more weeks
- need at least 5 of the 9 symptoms

  • depressed mood
  • diminished interest in activities they used to enjoy
  • significant weight loss/gain
  • DISTURBANCES IN sleep, movement, energy (disturbances = they have a lot of or a little – excessive sleep or little sleep)
  • feel worthless or guilty
  • can’t concentrate
  • think about death or suicide ideations
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28
Q

Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

A
  • a type of depression (low-grade depression)
  • the person has felt sad more days than not for at least 2 years
  • doesn’t meet the criteria of MDD
  • less intense than MDD – they are higher functioning than people with MDD

symptoms:
- low-grade depression
- disturbances in appetite, insomnia, energy, poor concentration, self-esteem

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29
Q

Bipolar I

A

history of manic episodes
- history of depressive episodes
- person fluctuates between having manic and depressive episodes

**Bipolar I is more extreme than Bipolar II

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30
Q

Bipolar II

A
  • history of hypomanic episodes (they have episodes that are below the threshold for mania – it could last for a couple of days)
  • history of major depressive disorders

***Bipolar I is more extreme than Bipolar II

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31
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

Hypomanic and low-level depression

32
Q

Manic Episodes

A

manic episode if have 3 of the following:
- inflated self-esteem
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative
- racing thoughts (hard to grab ahold of them)
- easily distracted

  • when people have a manic episode they usually get a lot done – they’re wiggly too
  • they take risks and get pleasure out of it (shoplifting, adultery)

**usually people don’t want to be treated for Bipolar disorder because they love the mania

**symptoms more severe than hypomanic episode

– it’s easy to swing from a manic episode to a depressive episode

33
Q

Hypomanic Episodes

A
  • restless, consumed with energy
  • they’re not as likely to dip down into a depressive state after a hypomanic episode
  • generate bursts of creative work
  • they like the manic state

**symptoms less severe than manic episode

34
Q

Present Mental State Can Be…

A
  • a manic episode
  • a major depressive episode
  • a mixed episode – experience a manic episode or depressive episode and swing back to the other
  • special case of rapid cycling - this is rare
35
Q

Casual Factors of Mood Disorders: Biological Factors

A

biological factors:
- **majority of psych disorders have a biological component
- strong genetic component for bipolar disorder
- unipolar isn’t as strong of a genetic disorder
- heredibility in MZ twins
- depression can be caused by diminished activity in the left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex

36
Q

Casual Factors of Mood Disorders: Situational Factors

A
  • people with depression might not go out as much or enjoy what they used to
  • negative reactions to depressed people can make them feel isolated or rejected
  • social support helps them!!!
37
Q

Casual Factors of Mood Disorders: Cognitive Factors

A
  • dysfunctional attitudes
  • people who self-blame are more likely to become depressed

Helplessness Theory:
- people who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable and global
- self-talk keeps them locked in this cycle

Diathesis Model:
- we are genetically or predisposed to have these disorders based on how we interact with the environment
-

38
Q

Mood Disorder Treatments

A

Behavioral:
- CBT
- have to teach people to be optimistic about the world
- Ex: Seligman’s ABCDE Model

Meds: affect neurotransmitters
- drugs used to treat depression
- not intended to be a long-lasting form of treatment
- *agonists so they increase serotonin

Psychotherapy:
- need this with or without using meds
- CBT has lower levels of relapse than only using meds

39
Q

Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, and Behavioral Approaches to Treat Mood Disorders

A

Humanistic:
- focus on individual growth
- get them to improve their self-esteem
- active listening/emphasize empathy

Psychoanalytical:
- focus on unserious conflicts
- dream analysis used to uncover causes of mood disorder
- work to resolve internal conflict

Behavioral:
- focus on alleviating mood disorders
- use exposure therapy
- change behaviors to improve mood

40
Q

Seligman’s ABCDE Model

A
  • use this when someone is depressed and it interferes with their ability to function

Adversity: what was the negative event?
Beliefs: what did you think about it?
Consequences: what did it cause and what did it result in?
Dispute: look at distorted beliefs and contest them
Evaluate: what happens if there’s a dispute?

ex: someone has catastrophic thinking about exams
- they think if they don’t get a high score the world will end
- therapist says, start with A and go through it
- evaluate – what would happen if you changed your perspective? It’s okay to have a bad exam

41
Q

Meds to Treat BiPolarMood Disorders

A
  • lithium
  • it’s not healthy to cycle between mania and depression and most people respond well to lithium
  • good to see a therapist
  • need to continue the meds as some people stop them because they like the manic episodes
42
Q

Psychotherapy Effectiveness for Mood Disorder Treatment

A
  • it’s very effective
  • CBT shows better results in reducing relapse than only using meds
43
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A
  • shock therapy
  • they put electrodes up to your head
  • use this in extreme cases of depression
  • not fully understood why it works
  • increase in responsiveness to dopamine and norepinephrine
  • reduces feelings of depression
44
Q

5 Characteristics of Personality Disorders

A
  • Deviates from the expectations of an individual’s world (what is expected from the culture?)
  • Have thoughts that are pervasive and inflexible
  • Onset in early adolescence or early adulthood
  • Stable over time – not a temporary change or disruption in someone’s behaviors or thoughts – it happens in all situations
  • This leads to significant personal distress or impairment in social-occupational role functioning (someone has trouble interacting in social world or maintain a job due to inflexible thinking)
45
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms

A
  • Pervasive patterns of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration and have a lack of empathy
  • The person thinks they’re very important and better
  • They crave admiration and lack empathy

have 5 or more of the following:
- think they’re important (grandiose)
- self-entitled
- take advantage of others
- envious of others
- arrogant

46
Q

Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD)

A
  • Pervasive pattern of diregarding
  • Violate rights of others
  • Disregard for saftey and lack of remorse

*related but different from Psychopathy
- psycopothy is more extreme and violent

47
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A
  • Unstable moods; anger outburts
  • Intense and volatile interpersonal relationships – fear of being abandoned, don’t like when people try to separate them from someone
  • Self-mutilation or suicide threats
  • self image fluctuates
  • see the world very black and white
  • change between liking and disliking quickly
48
Q

Psychopathy

A
  • glibness and charming
  • Grandiosity – think they’re more important
  • Need stimulation
  • Compulsive lying – always lying about things they don’t even need to lie about
  • Lack of remorse
  • Shallow affect – how we generate emotions and respond to other’s emotions
  • Lack of empathy

**Psychpathy viewed as more severe and violent than ASPD

49
Q

Personality Disorder Treatments

A

Medication: don’t target personality disorders but can help with some of the symptoms
- Ex: violent tendencies

CBT – helpful

**They are difficult to treat because the person often thinks there’s nothing wrong with them

50
Q

Psychosis

A

mental state where you lose contact with reality
- can be from delusions or hallucinations

51
Q

Schizophrenia

A

*the prior disorders are non-psychotic
- schizophrenia is psychotic

  • everyone can experience a psychotic break if they have enough stressors
  • you have a distored version of reality
  • Altered or blunted emotion – most common to see blunted emotion

Disturbances in thought, motivation, behavior – biggest feature, occurs in 1% of population (not very common but strong biological component to it)

52
Q

Delusion

A
  • schizophrenia
  • a false belief system, often bizare and grandiose, maintained in an irrational fashion (even though they see evidence that it’s not true, they still believe it is true)
53
Q

Hallucination

A

schizophrenia

perception without sensation
- Hear or see something when nothing is there
- Most common type is auditory hallucination

54
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • Disorganized speech – serve disruption of verbal communication
  • Ideas shift rapidly from one topic to another
  • Grossly disorganized behavior: inappropriate or ineffective in attaining goals
  • display NEGATIVE and POSITIVE symptoms
55
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Positive: adding things that aren’t there – excess functioning

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Loosening of associations
56
Q

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Negative: deficits in functioning, poorer prognosis

  • Things that are normally present that are gone…
  • Isolation
  • Withdrawal from activities
  • Apathy (lack of interest or concern)
  • Blunted emotional expression (muted react to emotional things)
57
Q

Types of Delusions

A

People believe others are spying on them (persecution)

  • Reference – objects or events have a significance to them
  • Grandor – think they’re better or more talented
  • Identity – they believe they’re someone else
  • Guilt – believe they committed a sin but haven’t do anything
  • Control – their beliefs or thoughts are being controlled by an outside force
58
Q

Types of Schizophrenia: Formal Thought Disorder

A

inchoherent speech (world salad) – tells us what brain part has a problem

59
Q

Types of Schizophrenia: Disorder in Thought Content

A

delusions
- delusions not coherent

60
Q

Types of Schizophrenia: if Mood Disorder is Present Too

A
  • Usually presents an inappropriate or flat affect

If significant mania or depressionis also present, the diagnosis shifts away

If significant mania or depression also present, diagnosis probably shifts away from schizophrenia and toward:
- Schizoaffective disorder
- Bipolar disorder, with psychosis
- Major depressive disorder, with psychosis

61
Q

Casual Factors of Schizophrenia

A

Biological:
- Excess dopamine
- Heritability
- Diverse structural abnormalities – brain looks different – Usually enlargement of ventricles and Lower cerebral volume for frontal lobes

Concordance Rates:
dance Rates:
**strong genetic component in schizophrenia
**as genes are less related, the likelihood if one person has it, the other has a decreased likelihood of getting it

Enviornment:
- Stress – after you have enough stressors, you have a psychotic break and have schizophrenia
- Schivirus theory: damage to hippocampus due to childhood viral infection

62
Q

Medication for Schizophrenia

A

Medication: typical antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists
- People who take these drug report difficulty moving
- Medication reduces hallucinations and bizarre interpersonal behaviors
- Meds may manage symptoms but not eradicate them entirely
- Difficult to change thinking
**best type of treatment is medication

**meds affect neurotransmitters by having them manage the hallucinations or delusions
- want to balance the nuerotransmitter activity in the brain – want to regulate dopamine

63
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

it’s an unrealistic perception of physical flaws
- suicide rates are higher
- people may have cosmetic surgery
- they try to perfect their bodies
- they notice flaws that others can’t see

ex: Michael Jackson

  • heredity can influence this
64
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

disruptions in a person’s identity, memory, or consciousness

65
Q

Types of Dissociative Disorders: dissociative amnesia

A

when you forget info about specific events usually after a traumatizing event

66
Q

Types of Dissociative Disorders: dissociative fugue

A

people become confused with their identity
- usually have sudden travel and assumption of a new identity

67
Q

Depersonalization or Derealization Disorder

A
  • occurs when someone experiences strong feelings of unreality about the self or the surrounding environment
  • feel dreamlike
  • they feel as though they’re outside of their bodies but don’t believe it’s really happening
68
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

*used to be called Multiple Personality Disorder

  • someone experiences 2 different personality states
  • people who have this score high on tests that they will easily be hypnotized and likely to fantasize
  • they have difficulty distinguishing between reality and fantasy
69
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorder

A

when people are unusually concerned and preoccupied with chronic somatic symptoms

  • they think a lot about symptoms which gives them a lot of anxiety

symptoms:
- vague pain, stomach upset, sexual problems, amnesia, sensory or motor problems

  • risk for becoming dependent on pain meds
  • go to the doctor a lot
  • they may ask for unnecessary medical tests and procedures
70
Q

Evidence-Based Practice

A
  • combines research evidence, critical expertise, and individual values to provide the best outcome for the patient

5 steps:
1. create an answerable question
2. clinicians search for current literature related to the question
3. they evaluate the literature
4. info is integrated with data about the case
5. they evaluate patient’s performance and make any needed adjustments

*they deliver healthcare services

71
Q

Professions that Offer Therapy

A
  • general medical practitioners, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, religious leaders
  • need a lisence to practice
  • psychotherapist= types of lisenced professionals who provide pychotherapy

psychiatrist:
- medical doctor specializing in psychiatry
- look at causes of disorder

72
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A
  • use electrical stimulation through surgically impanting electrodes that is used to treat severe anxiety and mood disorders
  • microelectrodes are surgically inserted into parts of the brain and the patient controls the current
  • helps depression and schizophrenia
73
Q

Neurofeedback

A

type of biofeedback that concentrates on the activity of the brain

  • use recordings of brain activity (MRI or EEG) to give to patient
  • treatment doesn’t have great results
  • during treatment, brain tries to learn how to bring really slow or fast waves into the normal range
74
Q

OCD Video

A
  • the mom is scared that something bad is going to happen to her baby
  • she used to have OCD tendancies but ever since he was born it has become unmanagebale
  • she washes her hands a million times
  • she does things in a certain way (rituals) to calm herself down
  • she knows that she is being crazy but can’t stop
  • she’s worried that her OCD is having an effect on her son
75
Q

Narcissistic Video

A

a therpist interviews a man:
- he broke up with his girlfriend becasue he thinks she has nothing to offer him and is nothing
- is apathetic to her when she asks why they broke-up and won’t speak to her

  • when he was a kid he noticed that he was being bullied but thinks it’s because he’s special and smarter than everyone
  • he thinks everyone is jealous of him
  • he can’t find anyone who is “of his equal”
  • he thinks his mentor is jealous of him and won’t give him attention which makes him upset
  • he feels better thinking that he is smarter and better than everyone
    *basically he thinks everyone else is the problem and he is special in all ways
76
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

a type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern (usually starting in the fall and winter months because daylight is less and then goes away in the spring and summer)

symptoms:
- low energy and fatigue
- changes in sleep and appetite

causes:
- biological clock disrupted (bc of change in sunlight)
- lower serotonin because of decreased sunlight
- imbalance in melatonin because of sleep changes

Psych 202 (8 decks)

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