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Psych 202 > Comm Arts Final Exam > Flashcards

Comm Arts Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Audience-Centeredness

A

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech prep and presentation

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2
Q

Egocentrism

A

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

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3
Q

Demographic Audience Analysis

A

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors (race, religion, age, sexuality, cultural background)

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4
Q

Stereotyping

A

oversimplifying a group of people by assuming that all members are alike

ex: all boys are good at math

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5
Q

Situational Audience Analysis

A

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors like the size of an audience, the physical setting of a speech, and the disposition of the audience toward a topic, speaker, or occasion

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6
Q

Attitude

A

a frame in mind in favor or opposed to a person/policy/belief/institution

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7
Q

Fixed Alternative Questions

A

open-ended questions – a fixed choice between two or more responses

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8
Q

Scale Questions

A

answering a question on a scale

ex: how much you agree or disagree with a statement

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9
Q

Open-Ended Questions

A

respondents can answer however they want

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10
Q

Supporting Materials

A

the materials used to support a speaker’s ideas.

The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony

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11
Q

Examples of Supporting Materials

A

Brief example: a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Extended examples: a story, narrative or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Hypothetical examples: an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious citation

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12
Q

Statistics

A

Numeral data

Mean: the average value of a group of numbers

Median: the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

Mode: the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

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13
Q

Testimony

A

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

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14
Q

Expert Testimony

A

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

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15
Q

Peer Testimony

A

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

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16
Q

Paraphrase

A

to restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words

  • Use when working of a quotation is obscure and cumbersome
  • When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences
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17
Q

Direct Quotation

A

testimony that is presented word for word

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18
Q

Quoting out of context

A

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

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19
Q

Why you need accurate quotations

A

Making sure you don’t misquote someone
- Making sure you don’t violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase
- Making sure you don’t quote out of context

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20
Q

What to identify when citing sources orally

A
  • Book, magazine, newspaper or web document you are cutting
  • Author or sponsoring organization
  • The author’s qualifications with regard to the topic
  • The date which the document was published, posted or updated
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21
Q

Denotative Meaning

A

the literal or dictionary meaning of word or phrase

  • Precise, literal and objective
  • Describes the object, person, place, event or idea to which the word refers
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22
Q

Connotative Meaning

A

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

  • Variable, figurative an subjective
  • What the word suggests or implies
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23
Q

Theasures

A

a book of synonyms

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24
Q

to ensure that a speaker’s words are easily understood

A
  • use familiar words
  • chose concrete words
  • eliminate clutter
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25
Concrete Words
words that refer to tangible objects
26
Abstract Words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
27
Clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
28
Imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas
29
How to write with imagery
- concrete words - simile (cliché) - metaphor
30
Simile
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between things that are essentially different yet have something in common cliché: a trite or overused expression ex: life is like a highway
31
Metaphor
a simile but no "like" or "as" ex: life is a highway
32
Rhythm
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
33
Stylistic Devices
- Parallelism - Repetition - Alliteration - Antithesis
34
Parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases or sentences ex: Elle is strong. Elle is mighty. Elle is brave.
35
Repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences ex: Sally sells seashells by the sea shore.
36
Aliteration
Repetition of the initial; consonant sound of close or adjoining words ex: We work well
37
Anti-thesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure - strongly contrasting ideas ex: it was the best of times, it was the worst of times
38
Inclusive Language
language that is nice to everyone -- not discriminatory language
39
Persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
40
success depends on...
How well you tailored your message to the values, attitudes and beliefs of your audience
41
How listeners process/respond to persuasive messages
- Something the speaker does with the audience - Listeners engage in a mental give-and-take - Listeners access credibility, delivery, language, reasoning and emotional appeal Mental dialogue with the audience: the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
42
Target audience for persuasive speeches
- Audience contains hostile people, some favor it, some undecided and some don't care Target audience: the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
43
Types of Persuasive Speeches: Questions of Fact
Questions regarding future predictions Ex: Will the economy be better next year? Question of fact: a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion - Usually organized topically
44
Types of Persuasive Speeches: Questions of Value
Question of value: a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea of action - Organized topically
45
Types of Persuasive Speeches: Questions of Policy
Question of policy: a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
46
Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
47
Speeches to Gain Immediate Action
a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
48
3 Issues with Speeches on Question of Policy
- Need - Plan - Practicality
49
Need
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
50
Burden of Proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from a current policy is necessary
51
Plan
The second basis issue in analyzing a question of policy. If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
52
Practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
53
Problem-Solution Order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main points presents a solution to the problem
54
Problem-Cause-Solution Order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem and the third main points presents a solution to the problem.
55
Comparative Advantage Order
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. ex: to reduce waste, we should drink from reusable bottles instead of disposable bottles
56
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
a method of persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. - The five steps of the motivated sequence are: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action ex: why you should invest - attention - need - satisfaction - visualization - action
57
Listeners become persuaded by speakers because…
- They perceive the speaker as having high credibility -They are won over by the speaker's evidence -They are convinced by the speaker's reasoning - Because their emotions are touched by the speaker's ideas or language
58
Credibility
the audience perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
59
Ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility - name for credibility that Aristotle came up with
60
Things that affect credibility
sociability, dynamism, physical attractiveness and perceived similarity between speaker and audience
61
Competence
how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject
62
Character
how an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the well-being of the audience
63
Types of Credibility: Initial Credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he begins to speak ex: topic is about pollution and speaker worked for a anti-pollution company
64
Types of Credibility: Derived Credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
65
Types of Credibility: Terminal Credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech
66
Creating Common Ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes or experiences of the audience ex: If you're from a city like I am...
67
Logos
The name used by aristotle for the logical appeal for a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.
68
Reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence Two major concerns: -Make sure your own reasoning is sound - Must try to get listeners to agree with you reasoning
69
Reasoning from Specific Instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
70
Reasoning from Principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
71
Casual Reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
72
Analogical Reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second Ex: if you are good at tennis, you will probably be good at ping pong
73
Fallacy
An error in reasoning
74
Hasty Generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
75
False Cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly issues that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second ex: believing that wearing your lukcy jersey will make your team win
76
Invalid Analogy
An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. ex: cars need breaks to run smoothly and so do students - invalid analogy because cars and students aren't the same
77
Bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable ex: the Patriots are the best
78
Red Herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion ex: paw prints on the smashed vase even though it was the kid who smashed it not the dog -- paw prints were there to distract (red herring)
79
Ad Homiem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute ex: don't trust her, she is a drug addict
80
Either-or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
81
Slippery Slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent stops that cannot be prevented ex: drinking alcohol will lead someone to become a drug addict
82
Appeal to Tradition
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new ex: gas cars are better than electric cars
83
Appeal to Novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old ex: a iphone 19 is better than an iphoen 18
84
Pathos
the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.
85
Emotions Evoked
Fear Compassion Pride Anger Gilt Reverence
86
Speech of Introduction
a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
87
Speech of Presentation
a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
88
Acceptance Speech
a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award or some other form or public recognition
89
Commemorative Speech
speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution or an idea

Psych 202 (8 decks)

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