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Psych 202 > Comm Arts Final Exam > Flashcards

Comm Arts Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Audience-Centeredness

A

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech prep and presentation

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2
Q

Egocentrism

A

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

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3
Q

Demographic Audience Analysis

A

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors (race, religion, age, sexuality, cultural background)

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4
Q

Stereotyping

A

oversimplifying a group of people by assuming that all members are alike

ex: all boys are good at math

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5
Q

Situational Audience Analysis

A

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors like the size of an audience, the physical setting of a speech, and the disposition of the audience toward a topic, speaker, or occasion

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6
Q

Attitude

A

a frame in mind in favor or opposed to a person/policy/belief/institution

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7
Q

Fixed Alternative Questions

A

open-ended questions – a fixed choice between two or more responses

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8
Q

Scale Questions

A

answering a question on a scale

ex: how much you agree or disagree with a statement

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9
Q

Open-Ended Questions

A

respondents can answer however they want

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10
Q

Supporting Materials

A

the materials used to support a speaker’s ideas.

The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics and testimony

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11
Q

Examples of Supporting Materials

A

Brief example: a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

Extended examples: a story, narrative or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

Hypothetical examples: an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious citation

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12
Q

Statistics

A

Numeral data

Mean: the average value of a group of numbers

Median: the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

Mode: the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

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13
Q

Testimony

A

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

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14
Q

Expert Testimony

A

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

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15
Q

Peer Testimony

A

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

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16
Q

Paraphrase

A

to restate or summarize an author’s ideas in one’s own words

  • Use when working of a quotation is obscure and cumbersome
  • When a quotation is longer than two or three sentences
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17
Q

Direct Quotation

A

testimony that is presented word for word

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18
Q

Quoting out of context

A

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

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19
Q

Why you need accurate quotations

A

Making sure you don’t misquote someone
- Making sure you don’t violate the meaning of statements you paraphrase
- Making sure you don’t quote out of context

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20
Q

What to identify when citing sources orally

A
  • Book, magazine, newspaper or web document you are cutting
  • Author or sponsoring organization
  • The author’s qualifications with regard to the topic
  • The date which the document was published, posted or updated
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21
Q

Denotative Meaning

A

the literal or dictionary meaning of word or phrase

  • Precise, literal and objective
  • Describes the object, person, place, event or idea to which the word refers
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22
Q

Connotative Meaning

A

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

  • Variable, figurative an subjective
  • What the word suggests or implies
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23
Q

Theasures

A

a book of synonyms

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24
Q

to ensure that a speaker’s words are easily understood

A
  • use familiar words
  • chose concrete words
  • eliminate clutter
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25
Q

Concrete Words

A

words that refer to tangible objects

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26
Q

Abstract Words

A

words that refer to ideas or concepts

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27
Q

Clutter

A

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

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28
Q

Imagery

A

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas

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29
Q

How to write with imagery

A
  • concrete words
  • simile (cliché)
  • metaphor
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30
Q

Simile

A

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word “like” or “as”, between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

cliché: a trite or overused expression

ex: life is like a highway

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31
Q

Metaphor

A

a simile but no “like” or “as”

ex: life is a highway

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32
Q

Rhythm

A

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

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33
Q

Stylistic Devices

A
  • Parallelism
  • Repetition
  • Alliteration
  • Antithesis
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34
Q

Parallelism

A

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases or sentences

ex: Elle is strong. Elle is mighty. Elle is brave.

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35
Q

Repetition

A

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

ex: Sally sells seashells by the sea shore.

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36
Q

Aliteration

A

Repetition of the initial; consonant sound of close or adjoining words

ex: We work well

37
Q

Anti-thesis

A

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
- strongly contrasting ideas

ex: it was the best of times, it was the worst of times

38
Q

Inclusive Language

A

language that is nice to everyone – not discriminatory language

39
Q

Persuasion

A

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions

40
Q

success depends on…

A

How well you tailored your message to the values, attitudes and beliefs of your audience

41
Q

How listeners process/respond to persuasive messages

A
  • Something the speaker does with the audience
  • Listeners engage in a mental give-and-take
  • Listeners access credibility, delivery, language, reasoning and emotional appeal

Mental dialogue with the audience: the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

42
Q

Target audience for persuasive speeches

A
  • Audience contains hostile people, some favor it, some undecided and some don’t care

Target audience: the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

43
Q

Types of Persuasive Speeches: Questions of Fact

A

Questions regarding future predictions

Ex: Will the economy be better next year?

Question of fact: a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
- Usually organized topically

44
Q

Types of Persuasive Speeches: Questions of Value

A

Question of value: a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea of action
- Organized topically

45
Q

Types of Persuasive Speeches: Questions of Policy

A

Question of policy: a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

46
Q

Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement

A

a persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

47
Q

Speeches to Gain Immediate Action

A

a persuasive speech in which the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

48
Q

3 Issues with Speeches on Question of Policy

A
  • Need
  • Plan
  • Practicality
49
Q

Need

A

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

50
Q

Burden of Proof

A

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from a current policy is necessary

51
Q

Plan

A

The second basis issue in analyzing a question of policy. If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

52
Q

Practicality

A

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

53
Q

Problem-Solution Order

A

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main points presents a solution to the problem

54
Q

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

A

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem and the third main points presents a solution to the problem.

55
Q

Comparative Advantage Order

A

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

ex: to reduce waste, we should drink from reusable bottles instead of disposable bottles

56
Q

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A

a method of persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action.
- The five steps of the motivated sequence are: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization and action

ex: why you should invest
- attention
- need
- satisfaction
- visualization
- action

57
Q

Listeners become persuaded by speakers because…

A
  • They perceive the speaker as having high credibility
    -They are won over by the speaker’s evidence
    -They are convinced by the speaker’s reasoning
  • Because their emotions are touched by the speaker’s ideas or language
58
Q

Credibility

A

the audience perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

59
Q

Ethos

A

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

  • name for credibility that Aristotle came up with
60
Q

Things that affect credibility

A

sociability, dynamism, physical attractiveness and perceived similarity between speaker and audience

61
Q

Competence

A

how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise and knowledge of the subject

62
Q

Character

A

how an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the well-being of the audience

63
Q

Types of Credibility: Initial Credibility

A

the credibility of a speaker before she or he begins to speak

ex: topic is about pollution and speaker worked for a anti-pollution company

64
Q

Types of Credibility: Derived Credibility

A

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

65
Q

Types of Credibility: Terminal Credibility

A

the credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech

66
Q

Creating Common Ground

A

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes or experiences of the audience

ex: If you’re from a city like I am…

67
Q

Logos

A

The name used by aristotle for the logical appeal for a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

68
Q

Reasoning

A

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Two major concerns:
-Make sure your own reasoning is sound
- Must try to get listeners to agree with you reasoning

69
Q

Reasoning from Specific Instances

A

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

70
Q

Reasoning from Principle

A

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

71
Q

Casual Reasoning

A

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

72
Q

Analogical Reasoning

A

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Ex: if you are good at tennis, you will probably be good at ping pong

73
Q

Fallacy

A

An error in reasoning

74
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

75
Q

False Cause

A

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly issues that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

ex: believing that wearing your lukcy jersey will make your team win

76
Q

Invalid Analogy

A

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

ex: cars need breaks to run smoothly and so do students
- invalid analogy because cars and students aren’t the same

77
Q

Bandwagon

A

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

ex: the Patriots are the best

78
Q

Red Herring

A

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

ex: paw prints on the smashed vase even though it was the kid who smashed it not the dog – paw prints were there to distract (red herring)

79
Q

Ad Homiem

A

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

ex: don’t trust her, she is a drug addict

80
Q

Either-or

A

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

81
Q

Slippery Slope

A

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent stops that cannot be prevented

ex: drinking alcohol will lead someone to become a drug addict

82
Q

Appeal to Tradition

A

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

ex: gas cars are better than electric cars

83
Q

Appeal to Novelty

A

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

ex: a iphone 19 is better than an iphoen 18

84
Q

Pathos

A

the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

85
Q

Emotions Evoked

A

Fear
Compassion
Pride
Anger
Gilt
Reverence

86
Q

Speech of Introduction

A

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

87
Q

Speech of Presentation

A

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

88
Q

Acceptance Speech

A

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award or some other form or public recognition

89
Q

Commemorative Speech

A

speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution or an idea

Psych 202 (8 decks)

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