Psych Test 2 Flashcards
A couple warns their new babysitter that Denis is aggressive and mischievous. The babysitter starts calling the child Denis the menace and behaves in a way that elicits aggressive behavior from Denis.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A person is late for class. She is least likely to attribute her tardiness to:
her lack of organizational skills
Within the context of a person trying to explain why she did well on an exam, an internal attribution is to an external attribution as __________ is to _________.
intelligence; an easy test
If you see someone drop their books in the hall, according to the fundamental attribution error, how would you explain it?
she’s clumsy
When you do poorly on a test you remind yourself of all the distractions you had that week. What are you displaying?
Self-serving bias
In a recent soft ball game, a person misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later, she made a great catch on a difficult play. According to self-serving bias she would attribute her error to __________ and her good catch to ___________.
bad bounce; good fielding skills
“Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I’ll die having a good time.” What is this person trying to reduce?
Cognitive dissonance
We have an advertising committee from a politician going door to door asking people to put a big sign on their lawn. If they refuse they ask if they would put a small sign on their lawn. What technique is this?
door-in-the-face
A person on campus asks you if you’d be wiling to wear a ribbon to support their cause. The ribbon is unattractive, but its so small you agree to wear it. After agreeing, they ask for a donation of $15. What technique is this?
foot-in-the-door
____________ helps individuals resist persuasion.
Inoculation
If you were to donate one of your kidneys you would be demonstrating a _________ view of human nature.
altruistic
When compared with adolescents who do not play violent video games,
video game players are more likely to engage in delinquent acts.
The bystander effect occurs because
all of the above
A quiet individual found her self swept into the activities of mardigras. Social psychology would attribute her behavior to
deindividuation
The term risky shift is used to describe the tendency to
endorse riskier decisions when it is a group rather than an individual decision.
A new department head wants everyone to get on board with the restructuring of the department. He uses public reprimands with anyone who disagrees, but praises harmony. He is creating an atmosphere of
groupthink
Which of the following statements is true regarding health?
Loneliness can lead to early death
William James described the human mind as:
a stream of consciousness.
What do drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation have in common?
they produce altered states of consciousness
According to Freud ________ mental processes occur without a person being aware of them.
unconscious
The concept of Theory of Mind is best described as…
an understanding that everyone thinks, feels, and perceives and has private experiences.
Thinking about thinking is referred to as ___________.
metacognition
The 24-hour biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is..
circadian rhythms.
Sleep deprivation has been shown to…
all of the above
Someone is unaware that he has been called for the past 5 minutes - he is playing a video game and about to move to the last level. This is an example of:
selective attention
If you check on your sleeping child and observe his eyes moving back and forth under his eyelids, it is likely that he is:
dreaming.
Dreams occurring during ______ sleep are briefer, less vivid, and less emotionally charged compared to those during _______ sleep.
non-REM sleep; REM sleep
Someone is suffering from sleep apnea and he reawakens as often as 500 times during the night due to a:
lack of oxygen
According to Sigman Freud, dreams are…
unconscious desires which we wish to fulfill.
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to get the same effect.
tolerance
Drugs that create a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions by reducing the activity of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Depressants
The definition of a binge drinking episode includes ______ or more drinks in a row.
5
The most widely used stimulants are
caffeine and nicotine.
In terms of states of consciousness, hypnosis involves…
a state of altered attention and expectation.
In Pavlov’s well known study on classical conditioning, the bell was the _______ before conditioning and the _________ after conditioning.
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
If you were trying to use classical conditioning to teach your goldfish to come to the top of the tank when you turn on the light, what would you suggest to improve the training technique?
turn on the light before putting food in the water.
You receive a static shock each time you touch your car door. What is the conditioned response?
flinching before touching the door
Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries whenever any flying insect comes too close.
generalization
Someone is afraid of going to the dentist, but not the doctor.
discrimination
A dog salivates when the fridge door opens. His owner experimented by opening the door, but not gibing the dog food. The dog stopped salivating.
extinction has occurred
A couple broke up after having a romantic relationship. The woman gets a whiff of his cologne in the mall and good feelings come flowing back. What has happened?
Spontaneous recovery
It should take 30 minutes for an aspirin to relieve a headache, but this person feels better within minutes. this is an example of
the placebo effect
Someone is taking an agent that causes nausea when he smokes a cigarette. this is an example of
aversive conditioning
Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner?
Condition Stimulus
Somebody takes his car in for routine maintenance every 3,000 miles. He is trying to avoid a major repair bill.
negative reinforcement
If through experience you come to the conclusion that all things are beyond your control and you should stop trying.
Learned Helplessness
This is a reinforcer that is innately satisfying and does not require any learning to be perceived of as pleasurable.
Primary reinforcer
This is a reinforcer that requires its positive value through experience.
secondary reinforcer
If a boy knows that a girl he likes works every Thursday afternoon, so he visits her store only on Thursdays, what type of schedule would it be?
fixed interval
A girl selling girl scout cookies never knows how many houses she has to visit before selling out her cookies. What type of schedule is this?
Variable ratio
Which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?
reinforcement
A girl watches as the teacher praises a boy for getting the right answer. She decides to study harder in class.
vicarious reinforcement
You’re most likely to store the seven digit phone number from your previous address in __________ memory.
long term
Unrehearsed information stored in short term memory lasts no more than:
30 seconds
A man meets 100 new people, we would expect him to remember _______ names
7
If you were asked to memorize 15 letters, and you reorganize them into groups - CIA ABC FBI IRS - what method are you using?
Chunking
Talking to people about what you have learned is a form of ________.
rehearsal
The memory of your mom reading “Cat in the Hat” is called __________ memory.
episodic
In your favorite picture you’re riding with your father in a lawn mower and you like the smell of freshly mowed grass. Which cue would elicit the strongest emotional memory for you?
the smell of freshly cut grass.
An HR worker noticed that the last person interviewed for a job gets hired. What effect of memory would be influencing this this practice?
recency
Someone who prides themselves in never forgetting a face, but can’t always put a correct name to the face, means
she is better at recognition than recall
Your roommate asks for advice on how best to study for final exams. Because of your knowledge of context-department memory, what do you recommend to her?
Quietly in the classroom where she is going to take the exam.
Detectives take advantage of context-dependent memory by
taking witnesses back to the crime scene
An individual’s autobiographical memory forms the core of the individual’s
personal identity
The memory of where you were when you heard about 9/11.
flashbulb
Repression is…
motivated forgetting
You are taking Spanish and French this semester, and as you study the French vocabulary words you realize they are disrupting the Spanish words from last week.
Proactive
You have an important meeting with your advisor right after your English class on Tuesday. This event is stored in your ___________ memory.
prospective
A person suffering from anterograde amnesia will…
recall past memories, but not be able to make new ones.
A woman’s parents suffered from Alzheimer’s before they died. She is in her 40s, but is concerned about her own cognitive functioning. What advice would you give her?
Engage in challenging cognitive tasks.
A man manages a fast food restaurant and is frustrated because employees call in sick at the last minute. He understands the problem, what should he do next?
define the problem in detail.
You have to study four chapters for your next test. If you use the strategy of sub goals you must:
break down the topics to be studied and focus on each in an organized sequence.
A girl routinely uses a shredder for her junk mail into confetti size pieces. She is packing her glassware to move, and runs out of Styrofoam and decides to use the shredded junk mail. What has she overcome?
functional fixedness
When scientists use theories and intuitions to make specific predictions.
deductive reasoning
A couple has decided to make a new purchase. It costs a lot of money so they are spending a lot of time researching. You advise them to distract themselves before they make the decision. Is this good advice?
Yes; research has shown that after being distracted you are more likely to make a better decision.
Someone got transferred to a new department. She has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable person. According to confirmation bias, what will she do on the first day?
she will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.
The fact that you hear about airplane crashes more often that automobile crashes might lead you to believe that you are more likely to die in a plane than in a car.
Availability Heuristic
You would be most likely to seek out information to refute your hypothesis when you engage in…
critical thinking
___________ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.
convergent
The concept of _________ is best defined as the ability to do well on cognitive tasks to solve problems and to learn from experience.
intelligence
If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but does not accurately measure intelligence, then the test is _______ but not __________.
reliable; valid
A six year old child with a mental age of six would have an IQ of
100
If an outcome income is normally distributed this means that
most scores are around the average with some scores being higher and some being lower.
Professor T. reports that more than 80% of the variation of memory capabilities can be explained by heritability. This means that environmental factors
will play a minor role in shaping one’s memory.
Which of Gardner’s intelligence would be least important for a car salesperson?
bodily-kinesthetic
According to Noam Chomsky, the fact that children all over the world acquire language at the same time indicates
we are pre-wired to learn language
A woman lost her job. First she was worried about how she was going to pay her bills. Now she thinks it’s a good opportunity to find that challenging job she has always wanted.
Cognitive reappraisal.
