Psych - Social psychology Flashcards

Question

Sherif Paradigm: Private acceptance

Answer 1

Social comparison theory We want to know if our opinions are correct and how good our abilities are. To the extent that physical reality is ambiguous, we are dependent upon "social reality"

Answer 2

The power that arises because the individual fears punishment from group. Always present in social situations. Decreases with presence of other dissenters.

Answer 3

1. Three people: experimenter and two subjects 2. Draw lots to see who is "learner" and who is the "teacher" 3. Teacher punishes "learner" with shocks 4. Shocks get more intense

Answer 4

1. Authority of experimenter: more compliance at Yale then at less prestigious location 2. If "learner" is in another room, more compliance. If you can see victim less compliance 3. Force hand onto shock plate, less compliance 4. Experimenter not in room compliance fell 5. If "teacher" could choose shocks never picked over 45 volts

Answer 5

1. Punishers did not seem to show long term negative effects of their experience 2. Obedience rates have no changed in 40 years after study (Blass, 1999) 3. Men and women show equal rates of obedience in Milgram-type studies

Answer 6

1. 21 students were randomly assigned to be either prisoners or prison guards 2. Neither group received any specific training 3. Created mock prison-like environment 4. Videotape, questionnaires, self-report scales, interviews

Answer 7

Tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 8

1. Social setting and social roles dictate behavior 2. Power of situation/environment on behavior

Answer 9

The strength of social influence on behavior and obedience to authority.

Answer 10

- Helping behavior that is motivated primarily by a desire to benefit others, not oneself - Altruism is a paradox from an evolutionary point of view - Why take a risk or incur a cost to help someone else? - Work on passing on your genes...

Answer 11

- Help our relatives, we help ourselves (share some of our genes) - Maybe we help friends because of extension of "helping relatives" - Reciprocity - But what about strangers? - We don't (help strangers very often) - In some cases, it is rewarding to help

Answer 12

People have reactions to someone in need: 1. Personal distress (guilt, anxiety, and discomfort) 2. Empathy (sympathy and compassion for the person) Helping can satisfy both selfish and noble motives

Answer 13

1. Woman was attacked and stabbed by assailant at 3 am near her home 2. Many neighbors (38) heard her screams for help 3. No one helped her or even called police till 45 minutes later 4. She died of her wounds

Answer 14

1. Investigated why people decide to help or not help 2. Study of how students adjust to University LIfe (cover story) 3. In separate rooms, speak over intercom, can only speak one at a time 4. Varied (apparent) number of students 5. Emergency: epileptic seizure

Answer 15

The more observers there were, the less likely that anyone would help. Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 16

Ask all of these questions: notice the incident? Interpret as an emergency? Assume responsibility? Decide to intervene? if all of the answers are yes then you help. But if any of them are no you don't help

Answer 17

1. In a good mood. 2. Feels guilty or needs self-esteen boost 3. Observes another person helping 4. Not pressed for time 5. bystander is male and victim is female 6. victim is physically attractive 7. victim makes a direct request for help 8. vistim appears to deserve help 9. victim is more similar in some way to bystander 10. in a small town or rural area not big city

Answer 18

Central Route vs. Peripheral Route

Answer 19

Audience is influenced by the strength and quality of the arguments.

Answer 20

Audience is influenced by speaker's appearance, slogans, one-liners, emotions, audience reactions and other superficial cues

Answer 21

1. A change in attitude brought about by an appeal to reason and logic 2. Strong evidence and arguments are presented 3. Works when people are analytical or involved in the issue 4. People have ability and motivation to think critically

Answer 22

1. A change in attitude brought about by appeals to habit and emotion 2. Incidental cues, such as celebrity endorsements are used 3. Used when issues don't engage systematic thinking 4. People rely on shortcuts (heuristics) to make a decision 5. Mental shortcuts, audience has low ability or motivation

Answer 23

1. Nature of Audience 2. The Source: the person delivering the message 3. Characteristics of the message itself

Answer 24

Need to tailor message to your audience, same message that might work well with one will flop with another Audience: need for cognition (satisfaction find intellectually challenging tasks) High need for cognition audiences prefer central route. Low need for cognitions audiences swayed peripheral route.

Answer 25

Credibility - Expertise and honesty - Most likely to buy a product if a positive review is attributed by Consumer reports Likeability - similar to us - good-looking - Chaiken, tried to get students to sign a petition, better looking students got more signatures

Answer 26

The taller a man the more money he makes. Being tall mirrors credibility

Answer 27

We associate beauty with other desirable qualities, assume good looking person is also smart, successful, happy, confident, socially skilled and popular

Answer 28

1. No more than a moderate discrepancy from the what the audience expects 2. Can't "shock" audience with "radical" message, tends to backfire 3. In political context, gives big advantage to anyone who fits with 'status quo' (new ideas are suspect)

Answer 29

The bar is set higher is you're trying to persuade people of something inconsistent with prior beliefs. example: given papers with arguments that either the subjects agreed or disagreed with, spent more time scrutinizing and looking for flaws in arguments that contradicted prior beliefs.

Answer 30

1. We don't always behave in ways consistent with our own stated attitudes 2. Behavior that conflicts with attitudes can arouse cognitive dissonance 3. Unless there is some explanation for the behavior 4. Dissonance creates tension; the person is motivated to reduce the tension 5. One way to reduce dissonance is to change the attitude that conflicts with behavior

Answer 31

Proposes that people change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior. The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent It’s difficult for a person to change their view until they change their behavior

Answer 32

1. Subjects had to perform really boring tasks 2. Had to convince another person that it was fun. 3. Three groups: control group, group paid $1, group paid $20 4. Dissonance created: know it was dull, but you act like it was fun 5. then all subjects asked to rate the enjoyment of task 6. Group paid $1said that they enjoyed it the most

Answer 33

Problem: Saying that you liked the test, but you didn't actually like the test Solution 1: Change a cognition I said I liked the task=I liked the task Solution 2: Add a justifying cognition I said I liked the task, but I didn't like the task, but I got paid a lot of money to say it

Answer 34

1. Presence of others often increases performance. 2. Run faster if run with other people 3. But sometimes other people lower performance 4. Presence of others increases arousal AND leads to increases in dominant response (response most likely to occurr) 5. Will facilitate simple tasks but not a more complex task 6. Perform better at easy things if others around (more aroused) but may be worse at hard things

Answer 35

For example, for a professional performer playing in front of other people should not impair their performance, but for an amateur playing in front of a crowd may result in worse performance

Answer 36

Less effort exerted by individuals in a group especially when individual contributions are hard to separate from the whole

Answer 37

1. People in a group feel less accountable for their actions 2. People in a group worry less about what others think 3. People in a group may view their contributions as dispensable 4. May get a 'free ride' at other's expense

Answer 38

1. Blindfolded subjects 2. Had them pull as hard as they can on a rope 3. Convinced them at 3 others were pulling also 4. Only put in 82% as much effort as they had when pulling alone

Answer 39

1. Subjects were told to clap or cheer alone or when they thought they were in groups of various sizes 2. The more people in the group, the more each individual's amount of effort decreases

Answer 40

A major reason why social loafing occurs is the diffusion of responsibility, which means that the responsibility for a task is spread across all members of the group so the individual accountability is lessened.

Answer 41

The larger the group, the less likely it is that a social loafer will be detected and the more responsibility for the task gets diffused across group members. However, for groups in which individual contributions are identifiable and evaluated, social loafing decreases

Answer 42

1. Separate each individual's contribution from overall group performance 2. Each individual's task is necessary for overall group success 3. Reward individual as well as group 4. Group members are friends 5. Make tasks personally meaningful

Answer 43

Groupthink occurs when group members try to maintain harmony in a decision-making group and ignore conflicting or opinions

Answer 44

1. Examining few alternatives 2. Selective gathering of information 3. Pressure to conform within the group 4. Pressure to withhold criticism 5. Collective rationalization

Answer 45

The strengthening of a group's prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion of the topic

Answer 46

For instance, if students who don't like a particular class all start thinking about that class, they will leave the discussion disliking the class even more because each student may provide different reasons for disliking the class. Each member learns new reasons for his or her dislike of the class

Answer 47

1. Happens in a group or crowd 2. Diminished self-consciousness 3. Loss of normal restraints 4. Lower awareness of individual values 5. More likely to occur when there is anonymity

Answer 48

States that when you're assigned to a group, you automatically think of that group as an in-group for you. Form in-group (identify with) and out-group (don't identify with)

Answer 49

When there is competition for limited resources conflict will automatically arise

Answer 50

20 boys randomly assigned to one of two groups at camp. Stage 1: Build-in groups Stage 2: Conflict between groups Stage 3: Integration/cooperation

Answer 51

1. Illustrates the benefits and costs of cooperation 2. Each player receives benefits whose size depends on whether they cooperate 3. If both parties rationally pursue self-interest, they could win nothing 4. If one party cooperates, and the other doesn't, the one who doesn't reaps a large benefit

Answer 52

1. 2 prisoners must decide between silence and confession 2. Both silent=both get relatively short prison sentences 3. Both confess=both get moderate prison sentences 4. One confesses=confessor gets no sentence, partner gets very long sentence 5. No communication between players until both have chosen

Answer 53

Proximity--the mere exposure effect--repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them, or, we like people we see often

Answer 54

1. Professor had a volunteer come to class wrapped in a large black bag 2. No one knew who he/she was and they could only see his or her feet 3. Sat in class every day for two months 4. Professor measured the other students' attitude towards the person in the bag

Answer 55

1. Physically attractive people are rated higher on intelligence, competence, sociability, morality studies

Answer 56

People with rounder heads, large eyes, small jawbones, etc. rates as more naive, honest, helpless, kind, and warm than mature-faced. Generalize to animals, women, and babies

Answer 57

People are drawn to others that seem like themselves. Friends and couples are more likely to be much more similar in attitudes, interests, age, race, religion, intelligence

Answer 58

70% of women claimed 'above average' looks, including 24 percent claiming 'very good looks' The online men also were generous: 67% called themselves 'above average' including 21% with 'very good looks' This leaves only about 40% of the users with 'average' looks, including a paltry one per cent with 'less than average' looks

Answer 59

What hurts the most: not posting a photo! Helps most: women, looks count most, men: money counts most, education helps everyone

Answer 60

Social comparison theory tells us that one power the group has is informational power. More influential when evaluation is ambiguous or uncertain. This power can lead to conformity and private acceptance.