Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 111 > Disorders and therapy > Flashcards

Disorders and therapy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Psychological Causes: Learned Helplessness

A
  1. Efforts of controlling certain life events repeatedly fail
  2. May stop attempting to control those situations
  3. And, if this happens often enough, may generalize lack of power/control and not try even when you could have an effect
  4. Learned helplessness: expectation that you cannot control outcomes, so you become apathetic and depressed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Depressive Explanatory style

A

Attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Internal, stable, global

A

Internal: “It’s my fault”
Stable: “It will never change”
Global: “It’s going to ruin my life” (versus well, its just this one thing and its not going to affect everything else in my life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explanatory Style and Depression

A
  1. Measured explanatory styles among first-year college students
  2. Two years later, those with negative style were more likely to experience a major or minor depressive disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Depressive Cognition: Negative Biases

A
  1. Overgeneralizing
  2. Selective Abstraction
  3. Personalization
  4. Magnification and minimization
  5. Arbitrary inference
  6. Dichotomous thinking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Overgeneralizing

A

Drawing global conclusions on basis of single fact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Selective Abstraction

A

Focusing on some insignificant (negative) detail while ignoring more important aspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Personalization

A

Incorrectly taking responsibility for bad events in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Magnification and minimization

A

Small bad events are exaggerated and good events minimized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arbitrary inference

A

Draw conclusions without evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dichotomous thinking

A

Seeing everything in extremes, black and white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The vicious cycle of depression

A

Depression can lead to behaviors that cause social rejection, which worsens depression
- Biological causes –> depression–> social rejection–> negative life experiences–> depression again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bipolar Disorder (Manic-depresive)

A
  1. Extreme moods: Manic episodes and extreme depression mixed with normal mood
  2. Mania involves delusional levels of optimism, euphoria and energy. equally common in both sexes
  3. Sufferers make poor decisions while manic, withdraw when depressed. Dangers in both states.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two types of bipolar disorder

A

Bipolar I: More extreme manic state–sometimes with delusions or hallucinations
Bipolar II: Hypomania, no delusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Manic behavior

A

Emotional characteristics: Elation, euphoria, extreme sociability, expansiveness, impatience
Cognitive characteristics: Distractibility, desire for action, impulsiveness, talkativeness, grandiosity, inflated self-esteem
Motor characteristics: Hyperactivity, decreased for sleep, sexual indiscretion, fluctuating appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Depressive behavior

A

Emotional characteristics: Gloominess, hopelessness, social withdrawal, irritability, indecisiveness
Cognitive characteristics: Slowness of thought, obsessive worrying about death, negative self-image, delusions of guilt, difficulty in concentrating
Motor characteristics: Decreased motor activity, fatigue, difficulty in sleeping, decreased in sex drive, decreased appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false: Minor depression responds to same treatments as major depression

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nine criteria for Major Depression (need 5)

A
  1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
  2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day
  3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain
  4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
  5. Psychomotor agitation or lethargy
  6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
  7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
  8. diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day
  9. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent social ideation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dysthymia

A
  1. More chronic, low intensity mood disorder
  2. By definition, symptoms must be present>2 years consecutively
  3. It is characterized by anhedonia, low self-esteem and low energy
  4. It tends to respond to medication and psychotherapy
  5. Long-term psychotherapy is frequently able to bring about lasting change in dysthymic individuals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder

A
  1. Results from changes in the season. Most cases begin in the fall or winter, or when there is a decrease in sunlight
  2. Pattern of onset at the same time each year
  3. Full remissions occur at a characteristic time of year
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Suicide Facts

A
  1. Major risk in depression. The majority of suicide victims are suffering from depression
  2. 10-14% of those who attempt suicide will eventually succeed in a later attempt
  3. Suicide rates are highest among the elderly (health problems)
  4. Most suicidal people leave clues of their intentions
  5. Most suicidal people have not made a definite decision to die
  6. Suicide is less frequent for married people and women with children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  1. “Split-brain/split-mind”
  2. Found in all cultures
  3. Affects men and women (almost) equally)
  4. About 1% of Americans affected in lifetime
  5. Age of onset:
    19-25 men
    24-25 women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Burden of Schizophrenia: Disability and premature death

A
  1. 8th leading cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide
  2. Reduces a person’s life span by 10 years
  3. 30% of schizophrenia attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime
  4. About 10% of patients die by suicide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Burden of Schizophrenia: cost

A
  1. Psychotic disorders: most expensive mental illnesses in terms of costs of care/patient
  2. 1.5% (UK), 2% (the Netherlands, France), and 2.5% (USA) of national health expenditures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Major Schizophrenia Symptoms

A

Incoherent thinking: rambling from one topic to another
Delusions: false beliefs
Hallucinations: Sensory Experiences in the absence of actual stimulation
Disturbance of Affect: emotion/facial expressions
Bizarre Behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Common delusions

A
  1. Mind is controlled by evil forces
  2. Thoughts being broadcast out loud and other people can hear what you are thinking
  3. Delusions of grandeur
  4. Delusions of persecution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hallucinations

A
  1. Often auditory (report hearing voices)
  2. Can be other senses as well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Disturbance of Affect

A
  1. Emotion, mood, facial expressions
  2. “Flat” affect, show no emotion, blank expression
  3. Exaggerated or inappropriate emotions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bizarre behaviors

A
  1. Talk to themselves
  2. Frozen in place (catatonic state)
  3. Walk in circles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral excesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Example of positive symptoms

A
  1. Hallucinations (69%)
  2. Delusions (84%)
  3. Though disorders (43%)
  4. Bizarre behaviors (26%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Examples of negative symptoms

A
  1. Apathy (90%)
  2. Flattened Affect (88%)
  3. Social withdrawal (88%)
  4. Inattention (66%)
  5. Slowed speech or no speech (53%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia Types

A
  1. Delusions and auditory hallucinations
  2. Delusions of grandeur or of persecution
  3. Suspicion and hostility
  4. Usually harmless, but may become violent if threatened
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A
  1. Periods of frenzied activity alternating with periods of immobility
  2. May stay in odd positions for hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A
  1. Inappropriate affect and actions
  2. Incoherent verbal behavior
  3. Illogical thinking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A

Used to characterize cases with mixed or unusual symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Residual schizophrenia

A

Prior episodes not currently experiencing symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Neurotransmitter and Brain abnormalities
  3. Diathesis-Stress model (Vulnerability Stress Model)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Childhood Data on Schizophrenia

A
  1. Studies have looked at childhood of people who were later diagnosed with schizophrenia
  2. Walker 1994, studied home movies of infancy to adulthood. Found more involuntary movements, such as writhing, involuntary movements of tongue, lip, or arm. Also were unhappier than unaffected siblings
  3. Cannon, 1999, school records. Okay academically, but worse at sports and craft activities (motor problem?)
  4. Psychology grad students were shown home movies of affected children and unaffected siblings, 78% guessed correctly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Causes: Dopamine Hypothesis (Schizophrenia)

A
  1. Brain circuits sensitive to dopamine have abnormally high levels of activity. Cause could be excess of dopamine, over-sensitivity of dopamine receptors, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Evidence of a Dopamine hypothesis

A
  1. Antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine receptors
  2. Increasing dopamine makes symptoms worse (Davis, 1974)
  3. Overdose of amphetamines: causes paranoid schizophrenia-like symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Brain abnormalities and schizophrenia

A

Some schizophrenics have:
1. Low frontal activity
2. Undersize hippocampus, amygdala, or thalamus
3. Larger than normal ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Schizophrenia: A brain disorder

A
  1. Pairs of identical twins, discordant (one schizophrenic and the other normal)
  2. Schizophrenics had enlarged ventricles compared to normal sibling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The Vulnerability-Stress View of Schizophrenia

A

Genetic abnormalities lead to biochemical abnormalities, which can result in a physiological predisposition towards schizophrenia. In such a situation, environmental stressors can trigger the behavior patterns of schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  1. Disorder in which person has highly inflexible and maladaptive personality
  2. 10% of population. Self-defeating patterns of behavior
  3. Controversy: Are some labels just “pathologizing” variations of personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Schizoid personality

A

Socially isolated, emotional detached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Paranoid personality

A

overly sensitive and suspicious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Histrionic personality

A

melodramatic and attention seeking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Narcissistic personality

A

Self-centered and ego inflated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality

A

perfectionist (not same as having OCD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Avoidant personality

A

Fears rejection so much that he/she does not start new relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cluster A Personality Disorders

A

Paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear odd or eccentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Cluster B Personality Disorders

A

Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. Individuals with these disorders often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cluster C personality

A

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive personality disorders. Appear anxious and fearful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Paranoid personality (cluster A)

A
  1. Guarded, defensive, distrustful, and suspicious
  2. Hypervigilant to the motives of others to undermine or do harm
  3. Always seekign confirmatory evidence of hidden schemes
  4. People with paranoid personality disorder experience a pattern of pervasive distrust and suspicion of others that lasts a long time
  5. They are generally difficult to work with and are very hard to form relationships with
57
Q

Schizoid personality disorder (Cluster A)

A
  1. Apathetic, indifferent, remote, solitary, distant, humorless
  2. Neither desire nor need human attachments
  3. Withdrawn from relationships and prefer to be alone
  4. Little interest in others, often seen as a loner
  5. Minimal awareness of the feelings of themselves or others
  6. Few drives or ambitions, if any
  7. Is an uncommon condition in which people avoid social activities and consistently shy away from interaction with others. It affects more males than femaled
58
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder (Cluster A)

A
  1. Eccentric, self-estranged, bizarre, absent
  2. Exhibit peculiar mannerisms and behaviors
  3. Think they can read thoughts of others
  4. Preoccupied with odd daydreams and beliefs
  5. Blur line between reality and fantasy
  6. Magical thinking and strange beliefs
  7. People with schizotypal personality disorder are often described as odd or eccentric and usually have few, if any, close relationships
59
Q

Histrionic personality disorder (Cluster B)

A
  1. Dramatic, seductive, shallow, stimulus seeking, vain
  2. Overreact to minor events
  3. Exhibitionistic as a means of securing attention and favors
  4. See themselves as attractive and charming
  5. Constantly seeking others’ attention
  6. Disorder is characterized by constant attention-seeking, emotional overreaction, and suggestibility
60
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (Cluster B)

A
  1. Egotistical, arrogant, grandiose
  2. Preoccupied with fantasies of success, beauty, or achievement
  3. See themselves as admirable and superior, and therefore entitled to special treatment
  4. Is a mental disorder which people have inflated sense of their own importance and a deep need for admiration
  5. Believe that they’re superior to others and have little regard for other people’s feelings
61
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder (Cluster C)

A
  1. Hesitant, self-conscious, embarrassed, anxious
  2. Tense in social situations due to fear of rejection
  3. Plagued by constant performance anxiety
  4. See themselves as inept, inferior, or unappealing
  5. They experience long-standing feelings of inadequacy and are very sensitive of what others think about them
62
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder (cluster C)

A
  1. Helpless, incompetent, submissive, immature
  2. Withdrawn from adult responsibilities
  3. See themselves as weak or fragile
  4. Seek constant reassurance from stronger figures
  5. They have the need to be taken care of by a person
  6. They fear being abandoned or separated from important people in their life
63
Q

Obsessive-compulsive Personality (Cluster C)

A
  1. Restrained, conscientious, respectful, rigid
  2. Maintain a rule-bound lifestyle
  3. Adhere closely to social conventions
  4. See the world in terms of regulations and hierarchies
  5. See themselves as devoted, reliable, efficient, and productive
64
Q

Boderline Personality

A
  1. Instability of self-image, mood and social relationships
  2. Very common (about 3% of people)
  3. About 2/3 are women
  4. People claim that marilyn monroe had borderline personality disorder
65
Q

Some symptoms of BPD

A
  1. Complain of being tired or bored, don’t like to be left alone, desperate for the company of others
  2. “Clingy”, relationships often don’t last
  3. Impulsive, get into fights, run away, jump into bed with strangers etc.
  4. Commit self-destructive acts to get attention
  5. Study of 57 BPD cases, found 42 suicide threats, 40 overdoes, 38 cases of drug abuse, 26 acts of self mutilation (pulling out hair, burn self with cigarettes, slash wrists, etc.) 14 car accidents caused by reckless driving
66
Q

Antisocial personality (cluster B)

A
  1. Chronic pattern of self-centered, manipulative, destructive behavior towards others
    - 80% are men
    - may become involved in criminal activity
    - 47% of male prisoners have antisocial personality disorder
67
Q

Features of Antisocial personality

A
  1. Superficial charm, and intelligence
  2. Poise, rationality
  3. Lack of sense of personal responsibility
  4. Untruthfulness, insincerity, manipulation of others
  5. Antisocial behavior without regret or shame
  6. Failure to learn from experience
  7. Inability to establish lasting, close relations with others
  8. Lack of insight into personal motivations
68
Q

Antisocial Personality Test

A
  1. Love is just a four letter word
  2. People find me very charming
  3. People who never lie are suckers
  4. Feeling guilty is a waste of time
  5. Most of my problems are due to the fact that people just don’t understand me
  6. I often do things just for the hell of it
  7. I keep finding myself in the same difficulties time are time
69
Q

Possible causes of Antisocial personality disorder

A
  1. Upbringing, faulty role models?
  2. Physiology: Less excitable, not easily startled?
  3. Less physiologically aroused by pain, shock, etc.
  4. Impulse control problems, can’t ‘reign in’ their desires or emotions
70
Q

ADHD

A

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

71
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A
  1. A cognitive and social-emotional disorder that is marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors
  2. Once believed to affect 1 in 2500 children (and referred to simply as autism) ASD is now diagnosed in 1 in 38 children in South Korea, 1 in 59 in the United States
  3. The increase in ASD diagnoses has been offset by a decrease in the number of children with a ‘cognitive disability’ or ‘learning disability’ which suggests a relabeling of children’s disorders
72
Q

ASD: Impaired understanding of other people

A
  1. The underlying source of ASD’s symptoms seems to be poor communication among brain regions that normally work together to let us take another’s viewpoint
  2. People with ASD have an impaired theory of mind
  3. Mind reading that most of us find intuitive (is that face conveying a smile or a sneer) is difficult for those with ASD
  4. They have difficulty inferring and remembering others’ thoughts and feelings, appreciating that playmates and parents might view things differently, and understanding that their teachers know more than they do
73
Q

Philippe Pinel and Dorthea Dix

A

Founded humane movements to care for the mentally sick

74
Q

Trephination

A
  1. Earliest Brain Surgery (as early as 6,500 B.C.)
  2. Hole drilled in patients skull
  3. Evil spirits? Treat epilepsy, migraines, and mental disorders?
  4. May also have been used to treat brain injuries (from warfare, or accidents)
75
Q

Case 26: Extreme Agitation

A
  1. Patient experienced insomnia, nervousness, depression
  2. Went through experimental surgery
  3. After surgery: blank expression and said she felt better but she essentially got frontal lobe syndrome
76
Q

Frontal Lobotomy

A
  1. Portions of the frontal lobe are separated from connecting areas
  2. Emotionally they were less distressed
  3. But they were causing frontal lobe syndrome
  4. Effects ability to plan ahead, motivation, personality, ability to concentrate and solve difficult problems, less agitated but they don’t have good control over their emotions
77
Q

Psychopharmacology

A
  1. Study of the effects of drugs on psychological processes and disorders
  2. Many (all?) of the drugs developed to treat psychological disorders affect neurotransmitter activity
  3. Various specific methods of action
78
Q

The synapse

A
  1. Terminals don’t touch
  2. “Synaptic gap”
  3. Chemical message
    - axon releases
    - dendrite picks it up
79
Q

What would happen if a patient has “too little” of a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Drug can mimic effects of a NT (activate same receptors)
  2. Drug can interfere with re-uptake of NT
  3. Drug can interfere with enzymes and deactivate NT
  4. Increase availability with some precursor molecules
80
Q

What would happen if the patient has “too much” of a NT?

A
  1. Drug can block receptors for NT
  2. Or speed-up reuptake, or speed-up breakdown, or decrease available precursor molecules
81
Q

Function of Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory

82
Q

Malfunctions of ACH

A

Undersupply, as ACH-producing neurons deteriorate, marks Alzheimer’s disease

83
Q

Function of Dopamine

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

84
Q

Malfunctions of dopamine

A

Excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia; starved of dopamine, the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of parkinson’s disease

85
Q

Function of serotonin

A

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

86
Q

Malfunctions of Serotonin

A

Undersupply linked to depression; prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels

87
Q

Function of Norepinephrine

A

Helps control alertness and arousal

88
Q

Malfunction of Norepinephrine

A

Undersupply can depress mood

89
Q

GABA

A

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

90
Q

Malfunction of GABA

A

Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

91
Q

Function of Glutamate

A

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

92
Q

Malfunction of glutamate

A

Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines and seizures (which is why people avoid MSG, monosodium glutamate in food)

93
Q

What does prozac do?

A

Prozac blocks normal reuptake of neurotransmitter serotonin; excess serotonin in synapse enhances its mood-lifting effect

94
Q

Anti-Anxiety Medication: Benzodiazepines

A

Alleviate anxiety in increasing levels of the neurotransmitter GABA, which inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain which reduces brain activity

95
Q

What are some side effects of anti-anxiety medication?

A
  1. Negative interaction with alcohol
  2. Decreased coordination and motor function
  3. Risk of psychological or physiological dependence
96
Q

Early antidepressants

A

MAO inhibitors and tricyclics increase the availability of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin at synpases

97
Q

What were the problems with early antidepressants?

A

Weight gain, dizziness, dry mouth and eyes, sedation, as well as in the case of MAO’s, dietary interactions that could be fatal

98
Q

Antidepressants: SSRI’s

A
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) target the neurotransmitter serotonin alone
  • SSRIs tend to have fewer side effects than earlier generations of anti-depressants, although potential side effects include headaches, difficulty sleeping, and sexual dysfunction
99
Q

Mood Stabilizers

A

They are used in treatment of bipolar depression. Calms the mania; and reduces bipolar mood swings

100
Q

Lithium for bipolar

A
  1. Mineral, found in natural sources like rocks, plants, etc
  2. Side effects
    - weight gain
    - fatigue
    - tremors
  3. If dosage is too high it could be life threatening
  4. They don’t know how lithium works
101
Q

ECT (Electro-convulsive therapy)

A

Electric-shock treatments used for severe depression.
 Patient receives electric shocks that induces brain
seizures.
 In early days were lots of negative side effects, like
muscle spasms so severe that patient would have
broken bones.
 Still has bad reputation.
 Today, lots of improvements and is really effective
for some patients.

102
Q

What is ECT used for?

A

ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a 100 volt shock that relieves them of depression

103
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

A

Application of repeated magnetic energy pulses to the brain to suppress or stimulate activity in certain areas

104
Q

Behavioral Perspective on Therapy

A

Retrain maladaptive patterns of behavior

105
Q

Cognitive Perspective on Therapy

A

Replace maladaptive thought patterns with more adaptive

106
Q

Psychodynamic perspective on therapy

A

Help to become aware of underlying conflicts

107
Q

Client-centered (humanistic) perspective on therapy

A

Help patient achieve self-actualization

108
Q

What are behavioral therapies based on?

A

Classical conditioning and Operant Conditioning. They focus on changing behavior. Disorders consist of maladaptive behaviors that have been learned and can be unlearned

109
Q

Behavioral therapy basic concepts

A
  1. Select small number of specific goals
  2. Ignore the “Why”
  3. Little discussion of thoughts/dreams, etc.
  4. Emphasis on measurable outcomes
  5. Very successful for fast change
110
Q

What is the goal of Behavioral Therapy?

A

To develop flexible patterns of behavior sensitive to the environment; change behavior

111
Q

Counterconditioning (behavioral/classical conditioning)

A

Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

112
Q

Exposure therapies (behavioral/classical conditioning)

A

Treat anxieties/phobias by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

113
Q

Systemic desensitization (behavioral/classical conditioning)

A

Associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli

114
Q

Aversion Theory

A
  1. Form of counterconditioning used especially to treat unwanted habits or harmful behaviors
  2. An unwanted state is associated with an unwanted behavior, gradually replacing the previous positive response
115
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

The person’s emotional reactions are produced not directly by the event by the person’s thoughts in response to the event

116
Q

What is the goal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A

Symptom-reduction and improved quality of life; replacement of maladaptive responses with adaptive ones; long-term maintenance of positive effects. Classical Conditioning Principles of Treatment Skill - Reinforcement-Based Strategies: self-monitoring, relaxation, behavioral rehearsal, problem-solving training

117
Q

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

A
  1. Focus on harmful patterns of behavior (self-harm, substance abuse)
  2. Modified form of CBT
  3. Four modules
    - mindfulness
    - distress tolerance
    - emotion regulation
    - interpersonal effectiveness
118
Q

Boderline Personality Disorder

A
  1. Emotionally unstable personality disorder
  2. long-term pattern of unstable relationships with others yourself and emotions
  3. Extreme fear of abandonment, frequent dangerous behavior, emptiness, and self-harm
  4. Symptoms may be brought on by seemingly normal events, behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a variety of situations
  5. Substance abuse, depression, and eating disorders are commonly associated with BPD
119
Q

DBT Mindfulness

A

This is the practice of being fully aware and focused in the present instead of worrying about the past or future

120
Q

DBT Distress Tolerance

A

This involves understanding and managing your emotions in difficult or stressful situations without responding with harmful behaviors

121
Q

DBT Interpersonal effectiveness

A

The means understanding how to ask for what you want and need and setting boundaries while maintaining respect for yourself and others

122
Q

DBT Emotional regulation

A

This means understanding, being more aware of and having more control over your emotions

123
Q

Freudian Therapy: Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basis defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

124
Q

Freudian Therapy: Resistance

A

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material

125
Q

What did Freud use to get at the unconscious mind?

A

Hypnosis, free association, dream analysis, analysis of chilhood

126
Q

What is the role of the Freudian Therapist?

A

Interpretation, transference, counter transfere

127
Q

Freud: Interpretation

A

Therapist has an active role, and has to help the patient gain insight by interpreting dreams, patient history, repression etc.

128
Q

Freud: Transference

A

In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

129
Q

Freud: Counter transference

A

Therapist transfers emotions to the patient

130
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

The descendants of Freud. More modern version of psychoanalysis. Don’t talk about things like ID and the Ego

131
Q

What does psychodynamic therapy still focus on?

A
  1. The role of the unconscious mind
  2. Helping patients gain insight
  3. Importance of childhood experiences
  4. Defense mechanisms
132
Q

Humanistic Therapies

A
  1. Person-centered therapy: Carl Rogers
  2. Rogers believed that therapist was not there to tell patient what to do, or to “cure” that person
  3. People know what’s best for themselves. Therapist is just a ‘facilitator”
133
Q

What should a therapist do according to Rogerian Humanistic Therapy?

A
  1. Show unconditional positive regard
  2. Create a warm and caring relationship
  3. Be a facilitator of growth
  4. Use reflection
  5. Active listening
134
Q

Group Therapy

A
  1. Works well with most types of therapy
  2. Money-saving
  3. The social laboratory
  4. Others feel this, too “I’m not alone”
  5. Feedback on behaviors
  6. Self-help (support) groups
  7. Varying demands/levels of commitment
135
Q

Effectiveness: Placebo Effect

A
  1. Large percentage of individual with anxiety, depression, and other emotional disorders experience significant improvement after placebo treatment
  2. Improvement may occur also due to regression to the mean, natural improvement that would have happened without intervention
136
Q

Flooding

A

a psychological technique that involves exposing someone to a fear-inducing stimulus at maximum intensity, without warning, and without allowing them to escape

137
Q

Biomedical Therapies: Effectiveness

A
  1. Several types of psychotrophic drugs have proven useful in the treatment of various psychological disorders
  2. However, the actual effectivesness of many drugs, especially antidepressants, is debated by psychologists and others
138
Q

Free Association

A

A therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis that involves sharing thoughts, words, and feelings without censorship

139
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies

Psych 111 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions