Psych/Soci (Section Bank Questions) Flashcards
Where does linguistic processing take place?
left hemisphere
Predictive validity
the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure
Instinctual drift
the tendency of an animal, of any species, to revert to unconscious and automatic behavior that interferes with operant conditioning and the learned responses that come with it.
Socialization vs social reproduction
socialization - the process of developing and
spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
social reproduction - the passing on of
social inequality, especially poverty, to other
generations
Cultural transmission
the way a group of people or animals within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on information; learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people
Proximal vs distal stimulus
- distal stimuli are objects and events out in the world about you.
- proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.)
Context effects
A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design.
Neuroimaging techniques
MRI - uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce a detailed image of the body’s soft tissue and bones
fMRI - blood flow; measures brain activity changes
CT - Detailed images of internal organs are obtained by this type of sophisticated X-ray device
PET - in which a radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body, and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged to assess metabolic processes
Evolutionary perspective of human motivation
Same as “instinct theory”; people are driven to certain behaviors by evolutionarily programmed instincts
ex. more hunger in response to images of high calorie food
Stranger anxiety
Fear of strangers that develops around 8 months of age
Place theory
hearing of different pitches is accomplished by depolarization of different parts of cochlear membrane
Fovea vs periphery
Fovea has high density of cones - good for daytime vision
Periphery has high density of rods - good for night vision bc more photosensitive
Neuroleptics
first drugs to successfully treat schizo (+) symptoms but may exacerbate (-) symptoms
Alzheimer’s disease specific deficits
Verbal fluency - a kind of psychological test in which participants have to produce as many words as possible from a category in a given time
Negative priming - an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus
Dependent vs Independent stressors
Dependent - influenced by the person
Independent - out of someone’s control
General adaptation syndrome
name for stress theory with alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Unidirectional vs reciprocal relationship
unidirectional - one thing causes another thing
reciprocal - things influence each other
parallel processing
unconscious processing of spatial, temporal, and frequency stimuli BUT not novel information
Cross sectional design
a type of observational study that analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data
Ethnographic design
the most common ethnographic approach is participant observation as a part of field research. The ethnographer becomes immersed in the culture as an active participant and records extensive field notes.
Exchange theory
refers to decision making as a result of a rational const-benefit analysis
False memory
When a person confidently recalls inaccurate information
Motivational states in operant conditioning
a subject’s motivational state is generally operationally defined by using negative punishment, i.e. depriving the subject of a desirable stimulus for a period of time, like not allowed to drink water for a certain amount of time, etc…
Incentive theory of motivation
behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives
Social vs cultural capital
Social capital includes economic resources that one gains from being part of a network of social relationships, including group membership.
Cultural capital includes non-economic resources that enable social mobility.
Formal and informal sanctions
Sanctions are mechanisms of external social control (as opposed to forms of internal control, like cultural norms and values)
Sanctions can either be positive (rewards) or negative (punishment), and can arise from either formal or informal control.
The main difference is that formal sanctions are legally sanctioned whereas informal sanctions are not.
Primary vs secondary reinforcers
Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, or conditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens.
Mead’s I vs Me
the “me” is the socialized aspect of the person (sensor), and the “I” (ego) is the active aspect of the person
Shadowing
Speech shadowing is an experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech immediately after hearing it (usually through earphones)
Fate of auditory input
left ear to right aud cortex
