AAMC FL 3 Flashcards
pOH calculation from pH
pH + pOH = 14
cholesterol stucture
4 fused rings
period
peak to peak or trough to trough
activation energy
transition state energy - reactant energy
thermodynamic stability
can determine from heat of combustion; Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state, or chemical equilibrium with its environment.
aldol condensation
enol form of one aldehyde performs nuc attack on carbonyl of second aldehyde or ketone –> an aldehyde and an alcohol one carbon apart
dehydration –> a double bond btween the middle carbon and former alcohol (alpha, beta unsaturated aldehyde)
porphyrin
5 sided heterocycle with N and DB opposite nitrogen
pH and pI relationship
if pH > pI –> -
if pH < pI –> +
capacitance
capacitance = charge/voltage
Energy stored by Capacitors
U = 1/2QV = 1/2CV^2 = 1/2Q^2/C
proton exchange
occurs between lone pairs on elements and water in aqueous solution; implications for labeling
how to tell if something is a redox reaction
do the oxidation numbers for all the elements involved; if changed, its a redox reaction
amu
one molecule oxygen has is 16 amu
and
one mole of oxygen has a mass of 16 g
property of waves not affected by medium
frequency
resistivity
the inverse of conductivity
volume flow rate
cross sectional area * fluid speed
purines vs pyrimidines
A G // CUT
apoptosis
blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, chromosomal DNA fragmentation, and global mRNA decay
convergent vs divergent evolution
convergent evolution - organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits bc similar environment
divergent evolution - speciation results; occurs when one species diverges into multiple descendant species
restriction enzymes
need palindromic sequences ie. CCCGGG
more contractile force?
any increase in intracellular calcium does this
metabolic consequences of starving
Dramatic increases of glucagon and catecholamines; tissues rely on fatty acids
ETC complexes
I - NADH dehydrogenase
II - succinate dehydrogenase
III - CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase
IV - cytochrome c oxidase
Krebs substrates mnemonic
Citrate Is // isocitrate Krebs // alpha ketoglutarate Starting // succinyl CoA Substrate // succinate For // fumarate Making // malate Oxaloacetate
imprinted gene
genes whose expression is determined by the parent that contributed them; violate the usual rule of inheritance that both alleles in a heterozygote are equally expressed
directionality of osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure needed to stop osmotic flow.
When there are a lot of solutes, the osmotic pressure is high.
When there is not a lot of solutes, osmotic pressure is low.
acetylation vs methylation of histones
acetylation = less condensation
methylation = more condensation
epithelial cells
specialized for secretion
dichotic listening task
a very useful way to study selective attention; the task asked an observer pay attention to one of two different messages, each delivered to one ear over stereo earphones.
social identity
individual components of our self-concept
related to the groups to which we belong
functionalism
society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole
self-verification
theory proposes that people want others to see them as they see themselves
serotonin
mood (aggression), and appetitite
role strain vs role conflict
strain - the stress or strain experienced by an individual when incompatible behavior, expectations, or obligations are associated with a single social role
conflict - situation in which a person is expected to play two incompatible roles.
hidden curriculum
a side effect of an education, “[lessons] which are learned but not openly intended” such as the transmission of norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment.
easterbrook hypothesis
arousal produces a narrowing of attention which selects among available stimuli
what happens if you deprive someone of REM sleep?
REM rebound is the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation.
what are the components of SES
income, education, occupation
motion parallax
a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us
