Psych/Soc Flashcards
1
Q
PNS is composed of
A
nerves (either spinal or cranial) and ganglia
2
Q
afferent neurons
A
carry information into the CNS
3
Q
efferent neurons
A
carry information from the CNS
4
Q
list the basic functions of the NS
A
motor, sensory, automatic
5
Q
list the higher functions of the NS
A
cognition, emotion, consciousness
6
Q
lower motor neurons
A
efferent neurons of the PNS which synapse on skeletal muscle
7
Q
motor unit is comprised of
A
LMN and skeletal muscle cells
8
Q
synapse between LMN and skeletal muscle is called
A
neuromuscular junction
9
Q
list the LMN signs
A
- atrophy 2. fasciculations (twitches) 3. hypotonia 4. hyporeflexia
10
Q
muscle stretch reflex (knee jerk reflex)
A
ipsilateral, muscle spindle axons carry information to CNS and the efferent neuron will synapse on LMN creating a jerk of the skeletal muscle
11
Q
role of the autonomic NS
A
control smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle, and gland cells
12
Q
2 components of autonomic NS
A
PSNS & SNS
13
Q
pathway of SNS
A
begins in the middle of the spinal cord, synapses on a ganglia, and sends another axon to synapse on a target farther away
14
Q
pathway of PSNS
A
begins in the brainstem or at the bottom of the spinal cord and sends out a long axon to synapse, then a short axon onto a target cell
15
Q
grey matter
A
contain neuron somas in the CNS
16
Q
white matter
A
contain myelinated axons
17
Q
grey matter that surrounds the brain is called
A
cortex
18
Q
gray matter deep in the brain is known as
A
nuclei
19
Q
tracts
A
collections of axons traveling together in the CNS, carry similar information
20
Q
UMN control the activity of
A
LMNs
21
Q
corticospinal tract
A
UMN cross over at medulla and synapse on spinal cord
22
Q
corticobulbar tract
A
UMN may/may not cross at medulla and synapse on LMN in brainstem
23
Q
UMN signs
A
hyperreflexia, clonus (rhythmic contraction of antagonist muscles), hypertonia, extensor plantar response (toes extend)
24
Q
somatosensory tracts that control position, vibration, and fine touch travel
A
ipsilaterally in the spinal cord and cross in the brainstem
25
somatosensory tracts that control pain, temp, and gross touch travel
contralaterally in the spinal cord and synapse in the brain on the opposite side
26
frontal lobe contains
motor cortex and prefrontal cortex
27
prefrontal cortex
responsible for executive functions (thinking & problem solving), directs other areas of the brain
28
broca's area
in frontal lobe, deals with speech production
29
parietal lobe
spatial manipulation, contains the somatosensory cortex
30
somatosensory + motor cortex are known as
sensorimotor cortex
31
temporal lobe
auditory processing & wernicke's area
32
wernicke's area
language reception & comprehension
33
the dominant hemisphere is usually
left, opposite of the hand we write with
34
what areas are both located in the dominant cortex?
broca's and wernicke's
35
hemispheres communicate via
corpus callosum
36
the "old brain" functions occur
outside our awareness
37
brainstem is composed of
medulla and pons
38
brainstem functions include
basic functions like heartbeat & breathing as well as cross over areas for our nerves
39
medulla
passes messages between spinal cord and brain, essential for regulating your cardiovascular and respiratory systems
40
pons
works with medulla to generate the respiratory rhythm of breathing
41
reticular formation
filters information from the spinal cord, arousal, sleep/wake cycles, other autonomic controls & projects to higher areas of the brain
42
thalamus
relay structure of the brain and talks to higher brain regions
43
cerebellum
coordinates voluntary movement
44
3 functions of cerebellum
1. gets info about motor plan
2. receive position sense information
3. sends feedback to motor areas of cerebrum to correct for movement
45
long tracts
connect cerebrum and brainstem, are either motor or somatosensory
46
internal capsule contains the
corticospinal tract
47
ridges on the brain are called
gyri
48
small grooves on the brain are called
sulci
49
large grooves on the brain are called
fissures
50
what information is broadly processed contralaterally?
visual (occipital), somatosensory (parietal), and motor cortex (frontal lobe)
51
primary cortex
performs basic motor and sensory functions
52
association cortex
helps out with complex functions or communicates with other lobes to work on a function together
53
attention functions are commonly carried out by the
R hemisphere
54
glutamate
excitatory
55
GABA/glycine
inhibitory (brain and SC respectively)
56
reticular activating system uses
glutamate
57
basalis nuclei & septal nuclei use
Ach
58
hypothalamus commonly uses what NT?
histamine
59
locus coeruleus in the pons commonly uses
NE
60
raphe nuclei use
serotonine
61
ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and hypothalamus use
dopamine
62
descarte brain study method
pineal gland was the soul in the body that guides our thoughts
63
phrenology
some brain areas are devoted to specific tasks
64
phineas gage
teaches us about cerebral localization (parts of brain affect behavior, thought, personality)
65
ablation
purposefully destroying part of the brain
66
what are 2 modern ways of determining brain structure
CAT & MRI scans
67
what are 2 modern ways of determining brain function
EEG & MEG
68
what are 2 modern ways of determining both brain function & structure
fMRI (ratio of deoxy/oxy blood on brain) and PET (rGlucose to determine activity)
69
endocrine system
produces hormones that travel through the blood in order to elicit an effect far away
70
3 types of hormones
1. polypeptides and proteins 2. steroids 3. tyrosine derivatives
71
steroid hormones are derived from
cholesterole
72
2 categories of tyrosine derivative hormones
1. thyroid hormones 2. catecholamines: made in adrenal medulla (Epi, NE)
73
hormones can have 3 types of signaling:
autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
74
pituitary
master gland, involved in stimulating other endocrine glands
75
thyroid gland
stimulated through TSH, regulates our body's metabolism through T3 & T4
76
parathyroid gland
regulates Ca levels through PSH
77
adrenal glands
adjacent to kidneys, stimulated by ACTH
1. cortex: steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone)
2. medulla: catecholamines
78
gonads
stimulated by LH + FSH, make sex hormones
79
pancreas
not stimulated by the pituitary, releases insulin and glucagon
80
concentration of hormones is regulated by 2 things
1. metabolism: controlled by kidney/liver
| 2. secretion: controlled via feedback loops
81
midpiece of sperm
contains mitochondria which helps out the tail
82
head of sperm
contains nuclear material and acrosome
83
zona pellucida of egg
made of glycoproteins which sperm must penetrate to fertilize
84
acrosomal reaction
stuff in sperm head leaks out into zona & digests the zona to touch the plasma membran
85
cortical reaction
when sperm & egg touch, cortical granules modify the zona so that polyspermy cannot occur
86
zygote
fertilized egg
87
cleavage
splitting without growth that occurs while egg is still in zonal, becomes morula
88
morula differentiates into
trophoblasts and embryoblasts (forms inner cell mass)
89
blastoceol
fluid filled part of blastocyst when inner cell mass condenses to 1 side
90
inner cell mass forms a second cavity after blastulation called
amniotic cavity
91
_ marks the beginning of gastrulation
primitive streak, forms germ layers
92
neurulation
1. mesoderm becomes notochord, induces ectoderm to become neural plate
2. neural plate forms neural tube, becomes CNS
3. neural crest cells = other cell types
93
endometrial lining during implantation proliferates into valleys called
crypt
94
apposition
contact between endometrial lining and trophoblasts
95
placenta
when syncytiotrophoblasts and maternal uterine blood comes into contact, they eventually form
96
endoderm
forms GI tract
97
mesoderm
forms inner skin layers, muscles, bones, heart, kidneys, bladder, sex organs
98
ectoderm
outer skin layers, sweat glands, hair, NS
99
fertilization usually occurs around week _ of gestation
2
100
embryogenesis usually occurs for about _ weeks, and _ occurs during this time
10, organogenesis
101
_ week is considered to be full term
40
102
nature
refers to maturation, physical traits that drive development
103
nurture
environmental influences
104
gross motor
larger muscle
105
fine motor
smaller muscles (ie cutting with scissors or coloring a picture)
106
motor development occurs
core to periphery, head to toe
107
list the permanent reflexes
breathing, eye blink, pupillary, swallowing reflexes
108
rooting reflex
stroke cheek and head turns toward stimulus
109
babinski
curl toes when bottom of foot is stroked
110
moro
startle reflex, arms flail and come back in
111
tonic neck (fencing posture)
head turns and same arm straightens while the other bends
112
galant reflex
one side of back is stroked and baby will turn to that sick
113
stepping reflex
babies when held will try to step as if they can walk
114
adolescence
transition period between childhood and adulthood, starts at puberty until they are independent
115
puberty
2 years long, period of sexual maturation
- males: 13, ejaculation
- females: 11, menstrual cycle
116
primary sex characteristics
testes and ovaries
117
secondary sex characteristics
voice, body hair or breasts, hips. both: hair!
118
name the brain changes during adolescence
1. front lobe: prefrontal cortex
2. limbic system
3. corpus callosum
4. global changes: increase in myelination, increase/then decrease of brain volume (synaptic pruning)
119
temperament
established before exposed to environment, persistent as one ages
120
heredity
passing traits from parents to offspring, controlled by genes
121
genes
segments of DNA that are capable of synthesizing proteins
122
genome
collections of genes
123
monozygotic (identical)
develop from 1 fertilized egg, share 100% of genes
124
dizygotic (fraternal)
2 separate fertilized eggs, 2 different sperm: share 50% of genes
125
heritability
% of variation of traits due to changes in genes.
- h^2 = 0.99 --> same environment
- more genetic variation = more heritability
126
gene regulation
gene expression is modulated by environmental factors, changes the context of the protein
127
epigenetics
study of changes in gene expression by changing something else (ex. methylation)
128
eku
genetic condition caused by mutations to a gene that affects an enzyme and causes buildup of phenylalanine which can affect the brain
129
ethology
observations of behaviors (overt behaviors)
130
innate
behavior that is genetically programmed (subject to mutation)
131
qualities of innate behavior
inherited, intrinsic, stereotypic, inflexible, consummate (not fully developed at first performance)
132
traits of innate behavior
1. reflexes
2. orientation: spatially regulating our environment
3. fixed action pattern: sequence of coordinated movement that is automatic and cannot be changed when it begins
133
learned behavior
results from experience
134
qualities of learned behavior
non-inherited, extrinsic, permutable (pattern of sequences that change over time), adaptable (can be modified), progressive (improved, refined through practice)
135
motivation is based around 3 types of needs:
physiological, psychological, learned
136
psychological needs
innate, biological and must be met in order for survival
137
reduction theory
suggests that motivation comes from your desire to reduce internal tension
138
psychological needs
based on your thoughts, feelings, beliefs, expectations, and self-image
139
cognitive dissonance theory
suggests that when there are sig differences between what you think or believe and how you act, you feel uncomfortable or unhappy. your discomfort makes you want to change your behavior so that you'll feel better
140
learned needs
come from your experiences and are heavily influenced by things that happen to you throughout your life
141
incentive theory
suggests that any epxerience that is connected to a reward will make you more motivated to act
142
maslow's hierarchy of needs
basic needs, psychological needs, and self-fulfillment needs (pyramid, need to obtain 1 to reach next level)
143
drive reduction theory
needs: a lack that will energize the dirve which will reduce the neeed (drive is physiological)
144
drive-arousal
fulfill our deisre to reach optimal arousal and fulfillment
145
cognitive approach
ration and decisionmaking abilities
146
the incentive theory focuses on
positive reinforcement to increase the frequency of the behavior
147
attitude
learned tendency to evaluate something in a specific way
148
three components of attitudes? (ABC model of attitude)
1. affective/emotional
2. behavioral
3. cognitive
149
theory of planned behavior
implications & intentions: based on attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavior control
150
attitude to behavior process model
if an event triggers an attitude, it will influence our perception of an object
151
prototype willingness model states that behavior is a function of
previous behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, willingness, prototypes (models)
152
elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
focuses on the why and how of persuasion: information is processed through the- central root (based on quality of the argument) and peripheral root (superficial and non-verbal persuasion cutes)
153
foot in door phenomenon
we have a tendency to agree to smaller things which can lead to bigger agreements (brainwashing)
154
role playing
what feels like acting starts to become who we are
155
cognitive dissonance
discomfort experienced when holding two contradicting beliefs: modify, trivialize, adding, denying
156
attribution
process of inferring the causes of our behavior
| -consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
157
psychoanalytic theory of personality
composed of three elements: id, ego, and superego
158
humanistic theory of personality
individuals have free-will and want to reach self-actualizzation
-combined of maslow's hierarchy of needs and carl rogers (self-actualization is nurtered through genunity and acceptance from others)
159
biological theory of personality
important components of personality are inherited or determined by our genetics
160
traditionalism
tendency to follow authority
161
social potency
degree to which someone takes on leadership roles in social situations
162
behavioral theory of personality
personality is the result of interaction between an individual and their environment, focused on observable and measurable behavior
-cognitive theory is the bridge between this theory and the psychoanalytic theory
163
trait theory of personality
defines personality in terms of patterns of behavior
164
traits
stable charactersitics
165
allport & traits
everyone has different traits and there are 3 categories: cardinal, central, and secoondary
166
cattel & traits
16PF
167
eysenck & traits
we all have 3 major dimensions but we experience them at different degrees
-extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
168
big 5
found in all people (OCEAM)
169
social cognitive theory
bobo doll experiment
- AMIMOtivationed
- attention, memory, immitation, motivation
170
types of defense mechanisms
1. pathological: distort reality
2. immature: projection, passive aggression
3. neurotic: intellectualization, rationalization, regression, repression, displacement
4. mature: humor, suppression, altruism
5. reaciton formation
171
pleasure principle
when we are immature, we want immediate gratification
172
reality principle
when we are older, we understand long-term gratification
173
drives
intrinsic, universal impulses that everyone has
- eros: life
- thanatos: death
174
OCD
linked to communication problems between the parts of the bain that translate information into thoughts and actions including the orbitfrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, cingulate gyrus, and basal ganglia
175
obsessions
intrusive and recurring thoughts, ideas, mental images, and beliefs that are often disturbing and cause significant emotional distress or dysfunction
176
compulsions
behaviors or rituals that a person feels driven to do, performed in an effort to reduce the anxeity and distress caused by obsessions
177
PTSD
extreme reaction to trauma that can change how a person thinks, feels, and behaves and causes considerable distress and affects their ability to function. associated with issues in the amygdala, HC, prefrontal cortex, HPA axis
178
schizophrenia
- cognitive, negative, and positive symptoms
| - possible abnormalities in the VTA area which releases dopamine, plays a role in the mesocorticolimbic pathways
179
prodrome
start to demonstrate signs of schizophrenia, deterioration in a person's behavior and function
180
depression
invovles the decreased activity of the frontal lobe and increased activity of the limbic structures, hypothalamus is what connects these two
-NT abnormalities in the raphe nuclei (serotonin), LC (NE), and VTA (dopamine)
181
the 10 types of personality disorders are grouped into 3 categories:
A: paranoid, schizoid (emotionally detached), or Schizotypal (magical thinking)
B: antisocial, borderline, histrionic (attention seeking), narcissitic
C: avoidant, dependent, OCPD
182
insomnia
persistant trouble falling or staying asleep
183
narcolepsy
people have fits of intense sleepiness
184
sleep apnea
stop breathing while sleeping
185
tolerance
you get used to a drug so you need more the reach the same levels
186
withdrawal
experience of period of no drug use
187
lewy bodies
contain clumped alpha-synuclein seen in PD
188
biological factors of depression
decreased activation of the prefrontal cortex, low levels of activity in the reward center of the brain, NT regulation (serotonin and NE)
189
psychological factors of dperession
learned helplessness, cognitive distortions, attribution (internal, negative experiences that are stable and global)
190
environmental factors of depression
co-rumination, low SES
191
bipolar
individual swings from emotional highs to emotional lows.
| -experience mania
192
conformity
"peer pressure"
193
2 main influences of conformity
1. informative influence
| 2. normative influence
194
group polarization
group diecision making amplifies the opnion of individual group memebrs
195
confirmation bias
the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.
196
group think
"unity" practice of thinking or making decisions in a group which discourages creativity or individual responsibility
197
obedience
follow orders and obey authority
198
compliance
do a behavior to get a reward and avoid punishment
199
identification
go along with something b/c you respect/admire the key individual
200
internalization
we conform both privately and publically
201
asch conformity studies
member of gestalt principles (whole), shows that peole are liekly to conform
202
milgram experiment
demonstrate how normal people will go along with an authority figure if they are forced to
203
just world phenomenon
the world is fair so people get what they deserve
204
self-serving bias
idea that we ourservles wouldn't do the same thing others would
205
fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute other people's behaviors to their dispositional factors while attributing one's own actions to situational factors
206
internalization
integration of attitudes, values, standards and the opinions of others into one's own identity or sense of self
207
situational attribution
assigning the cause ofbehavior to some situation or event outside a person's control rather than to some internal charactersitics
208
demand characteristics
how much of someone's behavior is influenced by the way they think others want them to behave
209
selection bias
error that occurs when the researcher decides who is going ot be studied
210
bystander effect
individual will feel less inclined to take action if there are mroe people in a group
211
diffusion of responsibility theory
when individuals are in the presence of others they feel less personal responsibility and are less inclined to help
212
social facilitation
presence of others will increase the dominant response
213
social loafing
describes the tendency of individuals to put forth less effort when they are part of a group
