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Physics Flashcards

1
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

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2
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of mass of protons and neutrons

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3
Q

mass number

A

sum of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

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5
Q

nuclear force

A

force between 2+ parts of the atomic nuclei that is responsible for the binding of protons and neutrons

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6
Q

radioactive decay

A

occurs when some isotopes are unstable and this reaction releases energy to achieve a more stable nuclear configuration

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7
Q

half-life

A

time taken for the activity of a given amount of a radioactive substance to decay to half of its initial value

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8
Q

mass spectrometer

A

separates compounds based on mass-to-charge ratio (mass of the atom/charge)l

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9
Q

orbital

A

physical space where the electron is likely to be present

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10
Q

n quantum number

A

energy shell/level of an atom

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11
Q

l quantum number

A

subshell

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12
Q

ground state

A

electrons in an atom want to be arranged in a way so that the energy of an atom is as low as possible

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13
Q

photon

A

source of energy that electrons can absorb the make jump to a higher energy level

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14
Q

atomic emission spectrum

A

pattern of lines formed when light passes through a prism to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains

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15
Q

pauli exclusion principle

A

states that no 2 electrons in an atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

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16
Q

diamagnetism

A

electrons are paired, total spin = 0, slightly repelled

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17
Q

paramagnetism

A

electrons is unpaired, orbital has a net spin, slightly attracted to a magnetic field

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18
Q

aufbau principle

A

illustrates the filling order for atomic orbitals

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19
Q

bohr model

A

states that electrons encircle the nucleus in orbitals, electrons are not allowed to occupy any of the spaces in between the orbits

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20
Q

bohr model is based on the

A

wave-particle duality principle

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21
Q

heisenberg uncertainity principle

A

states that it is impossible to determine both the position and velocity of an electron simultaneously

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22
Q

shielding effect

A

decrease in the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than 1 electron shell

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23
Q

Zeff (effective nuclear charge)

A

net positive charge experienced by an electron in an atom

-seen on PT

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24
Q

photoelectric effect

A

when light strikes materials, it can eject electrons form them
E (photon) = hf

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25
when the absorbed energy is greater than the atom ionization energy, the electron will
leave the atom w/ KE | KE = hf - IE
26
alkali metals
highly reactive +1 ox state, reactive with H and water
27
alkaline earth metals
melt at high temps, +2 ox state, reactive, only exists in compounds
28
chalcogens/oxygen group
contains metalloids and nonmetals
29
halogens
F, Cl, Br, I | -highly reactive, -1 ox state
30
noble gases
nonreactive, gases at RM
31
transition metals
high electric conductivity due to d-orbital electrons, different ox states
32
representative elements
have valence electrons in orbitals of either s or p
33
metals
found on left and middle of PT -have high melting points, high densities, shiny, malleable, ductile, low Zeff, low EN, large atomic radius, small ionic radius, low ionization energy
34
non-metals
found on upper right side of PT - high ionization energy, high electron affinity, high EN - small atomic radii, large atomic radii, poor conductors of heat and electricity since they don't want to give up electrons
35
ionization energy
energy required to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or ions
36
as atomic radius decreases , it becomes harder to
remove an electron that is closer to the nucleus
37
ionization energy increases as...
one moves across a period b/c electrons are held together by a higher effective nuclear charge -decreases as one moves down a group since valence electrons are farther away from nucleus and experience greater shielding
38
electron affinity
energy change that occurs when a neutral atom gains an electron
39
electronegativity
tendency of an atom/molecule to attract electrons
40
molecular weight
total mass of atoms in a molecule, represented by grams/mol
41
molecular formula
indicates the actual number of atoms in a compound
42
empirical formula
indicates the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound
43
percent composition
mw of element/mw of empirical formula * 100
44
density
an object's "compactedness" or mass/volume
45
oxidation number
describes the degree to which an element can be oxidized or reduced
46
oxidizing agent
substance that causes oxidation by accepting electrons
47
reducing agent
substance that causes reduction by losing electrons
48
percent yield
actual/theoretical yield * 100
49
cations
fewer # e than p, smaller
50
anions
more e than p, larger
51
ml quantum number
location of an orbital within a subshell (-l to +l)
52
hund's rule
electrons will not fill any orbital in the same subshell until all orbitals in that subshell contain 1 electrons
53
covalent bonds
formed when the nuclei of 2 atoms share a pair of electrons, found between nonmetals
54
nonpolar covalent bonds
have equivalent EN
55
polar covalent bonds
significant difference in EN (partial ionic character)
56
ionic bond
very different EN, occurs between metals and nonmetals (special electrostatic interactions)
57
E is _ when bonds are broken
released
58
dipole moemnt
center of positive charge is displaced form center of negative charge -u = qd
59
intermolecular attraction
attractions between separate molecules proportional to the magnitudes of their dipoles
60
conductors
allow electrons to flow relatively freely
61
resistors
hold electrons tightly in place
62
current
moving charge, in the direction of the movement of positive charge
63
increase in T = _ in resistance
increase
64
voltage of a battery is determined by
the difference between the potentials of the cathode and anode
65
capacitor
store energy in a circuit
66
dielectric constant (k)
refers to the substance between the plates of an capacitor, acts to resist the creation of an electric field allowing the capacitor to store more charge
67
insulator
a material in which electric current does not flow freely.
68
ammeter
measures the current flowing through a circuit. to maximize current, the resistance within the ammeter is almost 0
69
voltmeter
measures the potential difference between any two points on a circuit, resistance within the voltmeter is functionally infinite
70
multimeter
serves as both an ammeter and voltmeter
71
conduction
"contact", exchange of KE between microscopic particles (hi temp substance moves to low temp substance)
72
convection
energy transferred by movement of a fluid (gas/liquid)
73
radiation
conversion of thermal E to electromagnetic waves
74
expansion: Wsys, Ein
Wsys > 0, Ein < 0
75
compression: Wsys, Ein
Wsys < 0, Ein > 0

MCAT (6 decks)

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