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MCAT > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is a model?

A

Models provide an approximation or conceptual representation of a scientific phenomenon. For example, the structures of mental life (the ID, ego and superego)

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2
Q

What is a theory?

A

Theories are meant to explain the results of studies and to provide ideas for designing new ones

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3
Q

Social constructivism

A

The shared beliefs and understandings create reality. Some argue that reality has no meaning beyond human beliefs

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4
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Smaller scale interaction between individuals and in small groups.

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Parts of society have specific functions that make up the greater whole

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6
Q

Conflict theory

A

Contends that groups are in constant battle with one another over resources and power

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7
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Individual actions are dictated by rational consideration of alternatives

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8
Q

Exchange theory

A

Actions are governed by the amount of reward of punishment

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9
Q

Symbolic culture

A

Shared system of beliefs, norms and values. For example, a handshake. It has meaning by a culture though it is an arbitrary movement.

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10
Q

Power

A

Allows individuals or groups to exert their will even when they are opposed by others

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11
Q

Authority

A

A type of power that is viewed as legitimate by the population

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12
Q

Capitalism

A

Resources and the means to produce goods and services are privately controlled by individuals and organizations. The desire for profit drives commercial activity.

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13
Q

Socialism

A

Production of goods and services are controlled collectively. They are typically less productive compared to capitalism

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14
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

The unspoken aims of education, such as teaching students to conform to societal expectations.

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15
Q

Teacher expectancy

A

Teachers treating students differently according to preconceived ideas about their capabilities.

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16
Q

Educational segregation

A

Students in disadvantaged areas have lower quality education

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17
Q

Educational stratification

A

The separation of students into groups on the basis of academic achievement

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18
Q

Religion

A

How people make sense of their experiences and provides a framework for life, death and the purpose of existence

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19
Q

Religiousity

A

The extent to which religion is important to an individual or community

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20
Q

Modernization

A

The internet and Information Age has made it possible for everyone to access information about many types of religious practices.

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21
Q

Secularization

A

Decreasing devotion to religious doctrines and practices

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22
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Literal interpretation of sacred writings

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23
Q

Family

A

Bonds of kin and marriage that make up major organizing institution of society

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24
Q

Kinship

A

Social bonds that unite individuals into families
Bloodline
Marriage
Adoption

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25
Q

Diversity in family norms

A

There are different types of families including two straight parents, gay and lesbian and extended families.

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26
Q

Violence in the family

A

Victims find it difficult to leave their abusers because of the reliance on family for resources. Victims are typically those who aren’t dominant children, elders, and females

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27
Q

Medicalization

A

Taking a behavior or symptoms and assigning it to a pathology. For example, disruptive behavior being associated with ADD or ADHD

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28
Q

Sick role

A

The exhibited behaviors that are expected for an ill person. The sick role varies according to culture and socioeconomic status

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29
Q

Illness experience

A

Describes how an individual adjusts to interruptions to their health. Two people with the same disease may have different illness experiences

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30
Q

Delivery of healthcare

A

The individual level = personal health centers

Larger scale level = public health institutions that protect the environment

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31
Q

Gender

A

Social and psychological phenomenon at the intersection of sex, gender identity, and gender expression

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32
Q

Sex

A

Assigned at birth based on infants genitalia

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33
Q

Gender identity

A

Individuals internal sense of self that’s male, female, both or neither

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34
Q

Social construction of gender

A

The development of gender that’s subject to cultural influences and social interactions. Gender presentations vary between societies

35
Q

Racialization

A

The imposition of a racial identity on a particular group. It has been used to dominate less powerful groups

36
Q

Racial formation

A

The theory that Race is socially constructed and upheld

37
Q

Age cohorts

A

Groups categorized by age range. Examples millennials, baby boomers, generation x

38
Q

Social significance of again

A

Characteristics of life course can vary from culture to culture. In asia elderly are more integrated into society whereas in the US it’s more acceptable for elderly to live separated from society

39
Q

Total birth rate or total fertility rate

A

Number of offspring for one woman

40
Q

Crude birth rate

A

Births in a year for every thousand people

41
Q

Age specific birth rate

A

Fertility of women who are of a specific age or fall within a range of ages

42
Q

Push factor

A

Natural disasters or lack of jobs that push people to leave a location

43
Q

Pull factors

A

Factors that pull people in from other places, more opportunity, safety, etc.

44
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increase while food supply can only increase arithmatically

45
Q

Demographic transition

A

Theory that suggest technology is what keeps the population in check, it fails to include other factors that are at play

46
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Feelings if disadvantage that arise when individuals compare themselves to similar others and realize they have fewer resources

47
Q

Strategy and tactics

A

Strategy is a general plan describing goals of the movement and tactics are the actualization if how the movement will work

48
Q

Gentrification

A

Middle and upper class people move into cities and restore buildings, increasing quality of life but also property values, driving out poorer people

49
Q

Globalization

A

Increase contact between individuals on an international scale. Enacted through the exchange of ideas, products, services and information

50
Q

Perspectives on globalization

A

Hyper global = moving to one global society
Skeptical = borders are necessary because not all countries can integrate
Transformational = causes new interdependent interactions but outcomes cannot be predicted

51
Q

SES

A

Income, wealth, education and occupation

52
Q

Cultural capital

A

Refers to the set of non-monetary social factors that contribute to social mobility. How someone fits in or sticks out in a social class. What you know

53
Q

Social capital

A

The social networks and connections that may confer economic and/or personal benefits. Who you know

54
Q

Meritocracy

A

Society in which someone can advance based only on their abilities and achievements

55
Q

Social reproduction

A

The transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

56
Q

Social exclusion

A

Impoverished people are often excluded from opportunities available to others

57
Q

Relative poverty

A

People are relatively poor compared to other members of the society in which they live, related to lifestyle and livelihood

58
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Poverty that relates to food, shelter, clothing and hygiene. Homeless people are experiencing absolute poverty

59
Q

Class consciousness

A

Collective awareness of class as posited by Marx

60
Q

False consciousness

A

The failure to recognize poverty as a product of an oppressive class system

61
Q

Acquisition

A

The stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

62
Q

Extinction

A

Disappearance of the conditioned response

63
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of the conditioned response after a period of time of extinction

64
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

65
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learned lack of response to a similar stimulus

66
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Associative learning based on consequences both good and bad

67
Q

Reinforcement and punishment

A

Consequence that increases likelihood of a behavior is a reinforcement

Stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is a punishment

68
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Introduction of reinforcing stimulus in response to desired behavior

69
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus in response to desired behavior

70
Q

Primary reinforcer and punisher

A

Have to do with physiological needs like food

71
Q

Secondary reinforcers and punishers

A

Have to do with social context and learning

72
Q

Escape conditioning

A

Learning to escape an unpleasant stimulus

73
Q 
Attraction
Aggression
Attachment
Social support
Altruism
A

Factors that draw member together

Conflict and competition between individuals

Forming relationships between individuals

Finding help through social connections

Behaviors that are disadvantageous to the individual but give others benefits

74
Q

Primary group

A

Relatively permanent intimate relationships among a small number of people. (Families and close friends)

75
Q

Secondary group

A

Impersonal groups that are typically goal oriented. Sports teams or groups formed for school projects and work

76
Q

Formal organization

A

Official organization with specific rules and guidelines

77
Q

Weber posited characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy

A

Efficient with clear written rules and documentation. Impersonal and impartial

78
Q

Iron law of oligarchy

A

Those at the top will value power and distract from the organizations goals in favor of power

79
Q

McDonaldization

A

Homogenization leads to a loss of creativity and originality

80
Q

Role conflict

A

When two or more roles that an individual plays have conflicting requirements

81
Q

Role strain

A

The demands of a single role become overwhelming

82
Q

Role exit

A

When someone stops identifying with a particular role

83
Q

Types of status
Ascribed
Achieved

A

Given at birth or later in life (gender, race, ses)

One that someone intentionally earns (profession)

MCAT (6 decks)

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