Psych/Soc

Question 1

type 1 error

Answer 1

false positive

Question 2

type 2 error

Answer 2

false negative

Question 3

p-value

Answer 3

probability that a difference observed in an experiment is due to chance

Question 4

internal validity

Answer 4

extent to which the causal conclusion drawn based on the results of a study is warranted

Question 5

construct validity

Answer 5

the degree to which a test measures the construct it was designed to measure

Question 6

external validity

Answer 6

generalizability of the findings of a study to the rest of the population + other situations

Question 7

predictive validity

Answer 7

the extent to which a score on a test/study predicts the value of some other variable
type of criterion validity

Question 8

ecological validity

Answer 8

whether the data accurately reflect the behaviour or responses as they would occur in a “natural” setting

Question 9

population validity

Answer 9

whether the data can be extrapolated to the rest of the population (outside the sample/sampling frame)

Question 10

test validity

Answer 10

how much value can be placed upon a set of test results

Question 11

content validity

Answer 11

whether items on a test measure knowledge/skills assumed to underlie the construct of interest
measure of comprehensiveness - does the test measure every single element of a construct?

Question 12

criterion-related validity

Answer 12

ability of test scores to correlate with criterion measures

Question 13

criterion measures

Answer 13

outcome measures influenced by tested construct (i.e. grades or performance)

Question 14

concurrent validity

Answer 14

measures how well a test matches up with a benchmark test (usually another valid measure of the same construct)

Question 15

convergent validity

Answer 15

whether constructs that are expected to be related are related

Question 16

divergent (discriminant) validity

Answer 16

whether constructs that should have no relationships do, in fact, not have a relationship

Question 17

face validity

Answer 17

measure of how representative a test is at face value

Question 18

impression management

Answer 18

• threat to internal validity
• participants adapt their responses based on social norms or perceived researcher expectations
• self-fulfilling prophecy
• not double-blind
• Hawthorne effect

Question 19

threats to external validity

Answer 19

• experimental set-up doesn’t affect the real world
• selection criteria are too restrictive
• situational effects (lab conditions) change outcome
• lack of statistical power

Question 20

confounding variables

Answer 20

• threat to internal validity

* extraneous variables not accounted for in the study

Question 21

sampling bias

Answer 21

• threat to internal validity

* selection criteria is not random; pop. doesn’t meet conditions for statistical test

Question 22

attrition effects

Answer 22

• threat to internal validity

* participant fatigue + drop-out

Question 23

demand characteristics

Answer 23

• threat to internal validity
• participants interpret what the experiment is about + subconsciously respond in ways that are consistent with the hypothesis

Question 24

heritability

Answer 24

proportion of variation between individuals due to genes

Question 25

reliability

Answer 25

consistency of measurement

Question 26

test-retest reliability

Answer 26

measurement stability over time

Question 27

split-half reliability

Answer 27

divide the test into halves + compare consistency of scores on each half

Question 28

internal consistency

Answer 28

consistency of measurement within the test itself - individual items within a subtest should correlate highly with each other

Question 29

interjudge reliability

Answer 29

consistency of measure when different people observe the same event/test