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MCAT > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

releasing + inhibiting factors

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: hypothalamus
  • target: anterior pituitary
  • effect: modify activity
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2
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: anterior pituitary
  • stimulates bone + muscle growth
  • increases cell turnover rate
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3
Q

prolactin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: anterior pituitary
  • target: mammary gland
  • effect: milk production
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4
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: anterior pituitary
  • target: thyroid
  • effect: increases synthesis + release of thyroid hormone (tropic)
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5
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: anterior pituitary
  • target: adrenal cortex
  • effect: increases growth + secretory activity (tropic)
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6
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: anterior pituitary
  • target/effect: ovary –> ovulation
  • target/effect: testes –> testosterone synthesis
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7
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: anterior pituitary
  • ovary –> follicle development
  • testes –> spermatogenesis
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8
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH + vasopressin)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: posterior pituitary
  • target: kidney
  • effect: water retention
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9
Q

oxytocin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: posterior pituitary
  • breast –> milk letdown
  • uterus –> contraction
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10
Q

thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)

A
  • class: modified amino acid
  • gland: thyroid
  • child: necessary for physical + mental development
  • adult: increases metabolic rate + body temp.
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11
Q

calcitonin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: thyroid C cells
  • target: bones, kidney, small intestines
  • effect: lowers serum [Ca2+]
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12
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: parathyroids
  • target: bones, kidney, small intestines
  • effect: raises serum [Ca2+]
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13
Q

thymosin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: thymus
  • effect: T cell development during childhood
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14
Q

epinephrine

A
  • class: modified amino acid
  • gland: adrenal medulla
  • effect: sympathetic stress response (rapid)
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15
Q

cortisol (glucocorticoid)

A
  • class: steroid
  • gland: adrenal cortex
  • effect: long-term stress response:
  • increases blood [glucose]
  • increases protein catabolism
  • decreases inflammation + immunity
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16
Q

aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A
  • class: steroid
  • gland: adrenal cortex
  • target: kidney
  • effect: increases Na+ reabsorption to increase BP
  • effect: increases K+ secretion into the filtrate
17
Q

sex steroids

A
  • class: steroid
  • gland: adrenal cortex
  • not normally important, but an adrenal tumour can overproduce these, causing masculinization or femininization
18
Q

insulin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans, specifically beta cells)
  • decreases blood [glucose]
  • increases glycogen + fat storage
  • absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus
19
Q

glucagon

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: endocrine pancreas (alpha cells)
  • increases blood [glucose]
  • decreases glycogen + fat storage
20
Q

somatostatin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: endocrine pancreas (SS-delta cells)
  • inhibits many digestive processes
21
Q

testosterone

A
  • class: steroid
  • gland: testes
  • male characteristics + spermatogenesis
22
Q

estrogen

A
  • class: steroid
  • gland: ovaries/placenta
  • female characteristics + endometrial growth
23
Q

progesterone

A
  • class: steroid
  • gland: ovaries/placenta
  • endometrial secretion + pregnancy
24
Q

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: heart
  • target: kidney
  • effect: urination to decrease BP
25
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: kidney
  • target: bone marrow
  • effect: RBC synthesis
26
Q

ghrelin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: gastric cells
  • target: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
  • effect: released when stomach is empty → stimulates appetite
27
Q

peptide YY

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: jejunum
  • target: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
  • effect: colon is full → suppresses appetite
28
Q

leptin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: adipocytes
  • target: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
  • effect: increase in triglyceride levels → suppresses appetite
29
Q

gastrin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: G cells
  • released in response to stomach stretching or parasympathetic input
  • target/effect: GI smooth muscle → increase gastric motility
  • target/effect: parietal cells → release acid
  • target/effect: chief cells → release pepsinogen
30
Q

secretin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: duodenum
  • target: pancreas
  • effect: release bicarbonate in response to high acidity
31
Q

cholecystokinin

A
  • class: peptide
  • gland: duodenum
  • released in response to high lipid content in small intestine
  • target/effect: pancreas → release enzymes
  • target/effect: gallbladder → release bile
  • target/effect: stomach → decrease emptying
32
Q

enterogastrone

A
  • class: peptide (?)
  • gland: duodenum
  • target/effect: decreases gastric motility

MCAT (9 decks)

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