PSYCH/SOC Flashcards
What is the normative influence?
A group phenomenon that happens when someone wants to be more well-liked.
What are independent and dependent variables?
An independent variable is the variable that does not change.
The dependent variable does change by the effect of the ind variable.
ex: Researchers want to see the effect of IN on DP.
Placebo Effect
The placebo effect describes when the control group in a study receives a fake drug or treatment (one that is not meant to produce any changes or improvements in the subjects) and despite this, the subjects in the control group still experience/report changes or improvements. The perception of support is somewhat analogous to receiving a fake drug, and the fact that those who perceive support experience as much benefit as those who actually have support demonstrates a change or improvement that is most analogous to the placebo effect
bimodal distribution
instead of the characteristic one hump in a normal distribution, there are two distinct humps
Marx conflict theory
This is a macro theory and will not apply to social interactions
What is social exclusion
Structures that leave certain groups from obtaining equal opportunities
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Pred are thoughts. Discrimination are actions.
What is the fundamental attribution error
the tendency to interpret others’ behavior in terms of personal attributes, as opposed to situational factors. Goes one way
Socialized identity formation
the establishment of a distinct personality based on interactions with others
What are twin studies? How do they measure heritability?
Heritability is best tested with monozygotic twin studies, since monozygotic twins share the same genes. Also, heritability is defined as the proportion of observable differences in phenotype attributable to genetic causes
What effect does ACH have on the heart?
Acetylcholine has an inhibiting effect on cardiac muscle and therefore would cause a decrease in heart rate.
How does the Vagus nerve effect the heart?
the vagus nerve causes a decrease in heart rate and is part of the parasympathetic nervous system.
How does Hypothalamic Stimulation effect the heart?
It increases heart rate and sweat
How could blindness be caused in the right eye?
damage to the eye itself or the right optic nerve
Rods
are more sensitive to lower levels of light than are cones
generally involved in peripheral vision in normal or bright light
Due to their sensitivity to photons, rods do most, if not all, of their photoreception in dark situations
Cones
Pay attention to detail
Cones process color information in all settings, including bright light
The fovea, the middle section of the retina on which images are generally focused, contains only cones
What cause becomes increasingly relevant to elderly as they age
Healthcare
Social capital
Economic Capital
Cultural Capital
Spiritual capital
Social networks have benefit
Monetary
Education etc
Spirituality
Parkinson’s disease
a decrease in dopamine-producing neurons in the basal ganglia
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cortex, which is thought to lead to the classic symptoms of Alzheimer’s, including progressive dementia and anterograde amnesia.
Prevalence of disorders in the U.S.
Anxiety disorders (panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and phobias) are prevalent in about 18% of the U.S. population. Mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder) are prevalent is about 9.5% of the U.S. population. Personality disorders are prevalent in about 9% of the U.S. population. Psychotic disorders are prevalent in about 2% of the U.S. population.
Which of the following is true regarding sleep disorders?
Dyssomnias are abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; while parasomnias are abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep, usually during stage 3 or slow-wave sleep Correct Answer
A physical addiction to alcohol:
I. is caused in part by dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens.
II. means that, upon cessation of use, physical withdrawal symptoms will occur.
III. may lead to down-regulation of inhibitory pathways in the central nervous system.
How does the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe receive stimulation from the ear?
Hair cells contacting the tectorial membrane open ion channels to trigger release of neurotransmitter
The cell bodies of a somatic sensory nerve are located in the:
dorsal root ganglion.
Which of the following is the correct pathway of light entering the anterior surface of the eye leading to stimulation of the optic nerve?
Cornea anterior chamber lens retina
Damage to which one of the following would be most likely to hinder the detection of high-frequency, but not mid-frequency sound by the ear?
Cochlea
Damages to the ear
Damage to the auditory nerve or to the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) would hinder the detection of all frequencies since the nerve would be unable to send impulses to the brain and the ossicles would be unable to transmit sound waves to the inner ear, and neither of these functions is pitch-specific. Damage to the outer ear would not hinder pitch-specificity at all. The cochlea is a large, curled structure in the inner ear, along which the basilar membrane is stretched. The basilar membrane supports the hair cells of the ear (the sound receptors), and vibrates in sound waves. However, since one end of the basilar membrane is considerably thicker than the other, maximum vibration of a particular area depends of the frequency of the wave stimulating the membrane. Damage to the cochlea is the most likely injury to hinder the detection of particular frequencies.
