BIO/BIOCHEM

Question 1

What are the different bonds that DNA can participate in?

Answer 1

Hydrogen Bonding - DNA contains nitrogenous bases
Electrostatic Interactions - DNA contains a negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone that can participate in electrostatic interactions
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are also aromatic and can stack with aromatic side chains of amino acids in a protein to generate attractive London dispersion forces

Question 2

Which is more stable? DNA or RNA

Answer 2

DNA lacks the 2’ hydroxyl group on RNA that leads to self-cleavage, making DNA more stable than RNA

Question 3

What does a lower Kd mean about about the affinity of a molecule. Go back to question 4 it’s weird

Answer 3

The lower Kd the higher the affinity.

Question 4

What are different ways that a tumor suppressor gene affects the cell cycle?

Answer 4

damage is too severe to be repaired prevents movement through the cell cycle in the event of DNA damage (thus giving time for the DNA to be repaired), or that triggers apoptosis in the even that DNA damage is too severe to be repaired.

Question 5

DNA apamers binding to histones that are neutral

Answer 5

The histone needs to be slightly less tight.

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

Plasma is the cell-free portion of blood. Proteins and salts are present in plasma, but cells—such as erythrocytes—are not

Question 7

Solvent extraction steps

Answer 7

Solvent extraction is a method for separating compounds based on their relative solubilities in two immiscible liquids.

Question 8

How can drug resistant virus’s be formed.

Answer 8

Drug resistance develops as mutant versions of the virus are produced and begin infecting new host cells. The change must be able to be passed on to viral progeny.

Question 9

How are bacteria and protists different

Answer 9

Bacteria does not have organelles

Question 10

Info on the bone

Answer 10

In compact bone, the osteon is the basic unit of structure. Concentric rings surround the central circular region that contains blood or lymph vessels. Osteocytes can be found in small spaces along channels branching away from the central channel. Bone is the site of the marrow in which blood cell precursors are found, but bone marrow is found in spongy bone and not in compact bone where osteons are found. Chondrocytes are found in cartilage.

Question 11

What are the antibody producing cells?

Answer 11

B-cells