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MCAT Relationships > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

1
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Children use caregiver as secure base and explore

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2
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

Children show little interest in caregiver

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3
Q

Resistant Attachment

A

Children are unable to use caregiver as a secure base. Are distressed by caregiver departure and angry when caregiver returns

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4
Q

Insight

A

an “aha” moment; hard to predict

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5
Q

Fixation

A

Getting stuck on a wrong approach to a problem

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6
Q

Type I Error

A

False positive

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7
Q

Type II Error

A

False Negative

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8
Q

Critical Period

A

period of time a child is most able to learn a language (from birth to age 8 or 9)

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9
Q

Schema

A

Knowledge structures that determine ones expectations in different contexts, including social interactions

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10
Q

Heuristics

A

Cognitive rules of thumb that offer shortcuts to reasoning and problem solving

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11
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

The tendency for people to estimate the likeliness of events based on ability to recall examples

EX: someone may be scared of sharks because a friend was bitten by one (or from seeing jaws) but aren’t afraid of vending machines

Vending machines cause more deaths per year than shark attacks do

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12
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor cortex (body movements)
prefrontal cortex (executive function)
Broca’s Area (speech production)

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13
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Integration of sensory information
Touch/pressure/pain + spatial manipulation

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14
Q

Id v. Ego v. Superego

A

Id- innate. Seeks to discharge tension from internal needs or eternal stimulation

Ego- Mediator. Mediates desire and reason. This is who we identify ourselves with/believe ourself to be

Superego- The internalization of cultural ideas and parental guidance (morals)

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15
Q

Projection

A

throwing attributes onto someone else

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16
Q

Passive Agression

A

passively doing something for someone and failing to do it or doing it slowly

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17
Q

Intellectulization

A

Taking intellectual aspects and detaching to the emotional aspects of a situation

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18
Q

Rationalization

A

Making yourself believe you were not at fault

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19
Q

Regression

A

reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of psychosexual development; acting like a child

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20
Q

Repression

A

Unconscious process where thoughts are pushed down to unconscious

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21
Q

Displacement

A

High level of emotion is placed onto something else (i.e anger at a person but take it out on the wall)

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22
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Unconscious feelings that cause a person to act in the exact opposite manner of how they feel

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23
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

Something that is being added to increase tendency of behaviour

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24
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

BF Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

taking something away to increase tendency of behavior

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25
Positive punishment
BF Skinner's Operant Conditioning Something is added to decrease tendency that something will occur again
26
Negative Punsishment
BF Skinner's Operant Conditioning Something is taken away in the effort to decrease the tendency something will happen
27
Weber's Characteristics of an Ideal Beuracracy
* Division of Labor- everyone has a role * Hierarchy of Organization - each positive is under supervision of a higher authority * Written Rules and Regulations * Impersonality * Employment based on Technical Qualifications
28
Erikson Stage 1
Trust vs. Mistrust AGE: 0-1 yrs Virtue = hope Negative Outcome: suspicion/fear/mistrust
29
Erikson Stage 2
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt AGE: 1-3 yrs Virtue = will (independence) Negative Outcome: if child is overly criticized, they will feel self doubt and lack self esteem
30
Erikson Stage 3
Initiative v. Guilt Age: 3-6 yrs Children feel more secure in their ability to lead others so they ask questions Virtue: Sense of Purpose Negative Outcome: If controlled, inhibit creativity and outcome is inadequacy. However, some guilt is necessary for self control
31
Erikson Stage 4
Industry v. Inferiority Age 6-12 Child will gain self esteem and try to win approval from others. Virtue: Competence Negative Outcome: If initiative is restricted, child feels inferior
32
Erikson Stage 5
Identity v. Role Confusion Age: 12-20 Want to believe they belong in society. May re-examine identity to figure out who they are Virtue: Fidelity, seeing oneself as unique Negative Outcome: role confusion. can cause rebellion/unhappiness
33
Erikson Stage 6
Intimacy v. isolation Age: 20-40 Trying to find love and relationships Virtue: love, finding relationship Negative Outcome: avoiding intimacy can lead to isolation/loneliness/ depression
34
Erikson Stage 7
Generativity vs. Stagnation Adults feel like giving back to community through raising children or developing organizations etc. Virtue: Giving back to others Negative outcome: Can feel stagnate and unproductive
35
Erikson Stage 8
Age 65+ Integrity v. Despair Stage where people contemplate on life, reminisce Virtue: wisdom (look back on life with completeness) Negative Outcome: Unproductivity leads to despair/dissatisfaction upon death
36
Cultural Relativism
The practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one's own culture
37
Fundamental Attribution Error
Over attribution of others behavior to internal causes
38
Social Facilitation
When individuals perform better in the presence of other people
39
Social Loafing
A tendency to put forth less effort in a group
40
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Presence of others improves performance on simple tasks and hinders it on difficult tasks
41
High Elaboration Processing/ Central Route to Persuasion
Processing through the central characteristics of a message, which refer to its informational content and quality of arguments
42
Peripheral Route Processing
Communication that refers to message characteristics that are not the central point of the message (i.e body language when presented with a fact)
43
Weber's Law
The threshold at which you're able to notice a change is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Change in intensity(JND)/ initial intensity = constant
44
Perceptual Constancy
The tendency to experience a stable perception even as the sensory input itself is changing
45
Internal v. External Validity
Internal validity described the extent that a study is able to show a cause and effect relationship between variables in study External validity describes the extent that the results of a study can be generalized and/or repeated in multiple settings
46
Confounding Variable
Changes in the dependent variable which may be due to existence or variations of a third variable
47
Attrition Bias
When participants drop out of a long term study
48
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Processing of both positively and negatively balanced emotions KO right hemisphere = eurphoria
49
LSD
serotonin neurotransmission hallucinogenic
50
Nicotine
Acetylcholine agonist CNS stimulant
51
Amphetamines
blocks dopamine reuptake = more dopamine available for longer
52
Alcohol
CNS depressant
53
Horizontal mobility
Individual changes roles within same social class
54
Vertical Mobility
Change in someone's socioeconomic status
55
Structural Mobility
Social mobility as a result of macro social changes, generally impacting a significant part of the population
56
Looking Glass Self
An individual basing their sense of self on how they think others perceive them
57
Mere exposure Effect
The preference for familiar stimuli over new stimuli
58
Social Strain Theory (Strain Theory)
If a person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, they may be frustrated and turn to deviance EX: Someone who was fired wrongly may turn to stealing to get money
59
Disengagement Theory
The separation of older adults and society, assumes they become more self absorbed as they age
60
Differential Association Theory
Theory that focuses on how an individual might learn behaviors, that are considered as deviant in larger society, from their close social environment
61
Age Stratification Theory
Suggests age is a way of regulating behavior of a generation
62
Continuity Theory
People try to maintain same basic structure throughout their lives overtime
63
Labeling Theory
A behavior is deviant if people have judged the behavior and labelled it as deviant
64
Front Stage Self
An individuals impression management that is consistent with the expectations of a particular social role
65
Role conflict
Conflict or tension between two or more different statuses
66
Demographic Transition
a population will eventually stop growing when country transitions from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates, which stabilizes the population
67
Representativeness Heuristic
the tendency to overestimate the prevalence of representative members of a category while ignoring the base rate
68
Source Monitoring Error
Occur when a memory from one source is misattributed to another source
69
Impression Management
Our attempt to control how others see us on the "front stage"
70
Role Conflict
When separate roles that an individual occupies come into conflict
71
Prejudice versus Discrimination
Prejudices are attitudes that prejudge a group, usually negative and not based on facts Discrimination is differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities. It takes a focus on the fact that actions are being taken
72
Semantic Memory
Memory for facts and knowledge.
73
Instinctive Drift
The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response
74
What are the 5 factors on the Five-Factor Model of personality
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
75
Hawthorne Effect
The change in participant's behavior when they know their behavior is being observed
76
Demand characteristics
If the research design provides cues to the participants regarding the study hypothesis and causes them to respond in a specific manner
77
Operationalization
The process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors
78
Self Serving Bias
Any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted to maintain good self esteem
79
Nocireceptors
A receptor that send pain signals to the brain
80
Baroreceptors
Receptors that measure stretch (like in blood pressure changes)
81
Mechanoreceptors
A receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion
82
Stimulants
Nicotine, Cocaine, Caffeine Amphetamines Prevents dopamine reuptake
83
Depressants
Alcohols, Benzodiazepines, and Barbiturates Facilitate neurotransmission of GABA
84
Hallucinogens
Produce hallucinatory effects in humans Marijuana (acts on cannabinoid receptors) LSD is a serotonin receptor agonist PCP enhances dopamine neurotransmission
85
Opioids
Reduce pain and slow respiration rate Opioid receptor agonists
86
Hippocampus
Part of the temporal lobe; involved in memory formation
87

MCAT Relationships (4 decks)

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