Biology and Hormones

Question 1

Mast Cells

Answer 1

Immune Cells in lungs covered in antibodies

Question 2

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Answer 2

Less Co2 in blood = more basic= body responds with slower breathing to retain CO2

Question 3

Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 3

Cuplike structure around glomerulus that leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. Pressure difference causes initial filtration in kidneys

Question 4

Detrusor Muscle

Answer 4

Muscle lining of bladder which contracts with parasympathetic nervous system

Question 5

Loop of Henle

Answer 5

Descending water
Ascending salt

Question 6

Osmotic vs. Oncotic Pressure

Answer 6

Osmotic Pressure = “Sucking” pressure that draws water into blood
Oncotic Pressure= Pressure caused specifically by proteins

Question 7

Renal Buffer Bicarbonate System

Answer 7

High PH = Kidneys secrete bicarbonate and reabsorb H+

Question 8

Positive Sense RNA vs. Negative Sense RNA

Answer 8

Positive -> Already contain the sense strand and can readily integrate genome to make proteins
Negative-> Contains antisense strand and cannot readily be integrated into proteins; Needs RNA dep. RNA pol

Question 9

Which cells make antibodies?

Answer 9

B cells that have transformed into plasma cells

Question 10

Thymus

Answer 10

Gland that matures T cells; located in between lungs. Adults dont have

Question 11

Memory B Cells

Answer 11

Makes B cell proliferation easier a second time an antigen is encountered

Question 12

Peristalsis

Answer 12

Involuntary, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that propels food down digestive tract

Question 13

Chief Cells

Answer 13

Secretes pepsinogen (inactive pepsin)

Question 14

Missense Mutation

Answer 14

Single Nucleotide change

Question 15

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 15

premature stop codon

Question 16

Retrovirus

Answer 16

Uses reverse transcriptase to generate DNA from RNA

Question 17

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GNrH)

Answer 17

Hypothalamus; releases FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

Question 18

Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)

Answer 18

Stress response; Hyopthalamus

Question 19

Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Answer 19

Hypothalamus; stimulates release of TSH and prolactin from ant. pit

Question 20

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) (Dopamine)

Answer 20

Decreases prolactin; hypothalamus

Question 21

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Answer 21

Anterior pituitary -> Adrenal Cortex = more cortisol; associated with stress

Question 22

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 22

Anterior pituitary -> thyroid = more T3 and T4; associated with basal metabolic rate

Question 23

Prolactin

Answer 23

anterior pituitary -> breasts = more milk production/secretion when dopamine decreases

Question 24

Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 24

Posterior pituitary -> collecting ducts of nephrons = LESS water in urine

Question 25

Calcitonin

Answer 25

Thyroids -> bones = lowers blood calcium level by promoting osteoblasts

Question 26

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 26

From thyroid -> bones Reabsorb calcium from bones into blood Activates vitamin D and osteoclasts

Question 27

Aldosterone

Answer 27

Adrenal Cortex -> Kidneys MORE Na+ and water reabsorption MORE blood volume MORE blood pressure LESS K+ and H+ Does not change osmolality

Question 28

Epinephrin

Answer 28

Adrenal Medulla ->Liver/Muscle More glucose in body Higher heart rate

Question 29

Ghrelin

Answer 29

secreted by stomach Raises appetite

Question 30

Leptin

Answer 30

Secreted by stomach fat cells Lowers appetite

Question 31

Gastrin

Answer 31

HCL motility more gastrin = more Stomach acid

Question 32

Secretin

Answer 32

Duodenum -> Pancreas Release of bile from pancreas Up feeling of fullness

Question 33

Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin

Answer 33

Renin converts Angiotensinogen to Ang I ACE converts Ang I to Ang II Ang II increases vasoCONSTRICTION Ang II INCREASES blood pressure

Question 34

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Answer 34

Secreted by Heart Decreases BP Lowers Aldosterone Up urination Lowers water retention and blood volume vasoDIALATES

Question 35

Orexin

Answer 35

Hypothalamus; promotes wakefulness

Question 36

Produced by hypothalamus

Answer 36

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH) "Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor (PIF) aka dopamine" Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Question 37

Equation for Power and Intensity

Answer 37

I = P/A P = W/ Δt P = F * v