PSYCH SOC Flashcards by Jashmira Bhinder

this kind of learning process by which person learns a behaviour or response to avoid a stressful or unpleasant situation

avoidance - behaviour where you learn to avoid or remove oneself from the situation - experience the absence of punishment

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escape and avoidance are what type of conditon behaviour

aversive control

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with ____ learning you have an element of surprise, thrown into situation and have to escape - you already exp the aversive stimulus

escape

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this learning - you hear the fire alarm and aovid the fire breakout - learn behavour or response to not exp the aversive stimulus

avoidance

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when anticipating aversive events and viewing fear induced pictures what system control this

sympathetic - also incr skin conductivity - anticipation, startle response,

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when a person learns to respond differently to various stimulu its called

stimulus discrimination

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if particiapants are presented with numbers but they had to respond correctly in order to receive the incentive what are the numbers functioning as

discriminatory stimuli

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unconditioned stimuli elecit a —–

reflexive response

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_____ this approach holds that actual outcomes determine the behaviour not cognitions regarding the potential outcomes

behaviourist

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the behaviourist approach deals with how _____ factors affect observable behaviour and does/not take into account for thoughts/feelings

environmental, NOT

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this theory is the bridge between behavioural and psychoanlytic (mental) theory

COGNITIVE - how an individual’s thoughts and beliefs influence their feelings and behaviors.

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_______ refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behaviour that are not inherent to the behaviour itself

extrinsic motivation

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______ is a broader term that acc includs external motivation

extrinisic motivation

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this kind of motivation stems form perosn drives, goal, and fulfillment - students studies bc they want to

intrisic motivation

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this kind of motivation is when you want a reward or to avoid punishment - other ppl factors - ex student stuidies os get scholarhsip

extrinsic motivation

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extrinsic motivation includes both

punishers and reinforcers

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this refers to the gap bw persona actual self and ideal self

incongruence

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this is described as: desire to reach ones goals creates a drive that individuals are motivated to fulfill

autonomous motivation - self initiating behaviours that are tied to ones values and goals

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this refers to the error people make when they ignore the base rates (prior probabilities) when evaluating the probablities of events (freq) - librarian

base rate fallacy - you think something is true, but you are ignoring the fact that there is NO possible way it can be true due to the stats of it occurring.

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this is when you really believe something despite there BEING EVIDENCE

belief perservance

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this bias is when youre like i knew it all along, tendency for person to overestimate how well they successful predict oucome

hindsight bias

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this bias part of the observeers recording the data, no ebing blind,

oberver

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this is refers to reason the next scientist are testing the intial drug - replicate

public verifiability

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Base rate fallacy - When you ignore the actual data and go ahead with categorizing people using representative heuristic

Base rate fallacy -

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: actively seek out only confirming facts.

Confirmation bias

: if we succeed it is due to internal qualities, if we fail it is due to external qualities.

Self-serving bias

: bad things happen to others but not us.

Optimism bias

: first impression/information is more important/easier to remember.

Primacy bias

: assuming others share the same belief as us.

Projection bias

: the situation will stay normal, nothing bad will happen

Normalcy bias

: memory isn’t reliable, it has been reconstructed.

-Reconstructive bias

when a participant drops out of a long term study or experiment.

Attrition bias:

: self reported information is vulnerable to this. Thinking subjectively not objectively.

Subjective bias

: a bias that we are unaware of, unconsciously influences our decisions.

Implicit bias

: tendency to think certain ways. Causes deviation from rational thinking and good judgement.

Cognitive bias

: tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is.

Egocentric bias

: occurs when people make a decision based on the way the information is presented, as opposed to just on the facts themselves.

Framing bias

: the tendency to excessively depend on automated systems.

Automation bias

: when participation is voluntary so it might skew results

voluntary response bias

similar idea but when they self select into a specific group, so people of a certain characteristic might participate in a study compared to others.

self-selection bias:

is a fallacy or error in decision making where people judge that a conjunction of two possible events is more likely than one or both of the conjuncts.

The `Conjunction Fallacy’ - ex. I most likely have both the flu and pneumonia.

: when individuals complete the same assessment more than once, which affects their responses on subsequent assessments

Test-retest bias

the retin functions to

detect light rays and convert them into signals for the brain to process

the ___ and ____ can accomodate and focus the incoming light rays

cornea and iris

______ support th elens and maintains shape of the entire eye

virteous humour

what provides oxygen and nutrients to the eye

blood vessels

this concept says that women are not able to advance in their porfession as quick as male

glass ceiling - obstacles for women and minorities

this concept says that men are promoted and advance in their profession much more quickly than female specificaly in female dom (school)

glass escalator - men arent even seeking it man - most for hetereo white men

this is when refer to people tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function

functional fixedness - not being vreative

_____ this is rule of thumb, strategy or mental shortcut - ____ refers to how readly info is avaible to retreive this info memory

heuritic, avail heurisitic

low response rate raises questions to

if other responsepdant differ nonrespondednts

dispositional factors is just another word

positive, or internal factors (self serving bias)

if team building then it measn

they are part on smae team - one group - follow in group characterisitics

is it says ppl should work pro bone that means they are

altruisic - read pass

_____ this theory implies that labels applied to indi influence their behaviours - they are placed in social catgeories and - could be stigmatized category

labelling - social stigma, stigamtic roles, deviant roles

enhance students learning of school norms and peer values - what concept related to

socialization

group affiliation is greatest when members of participants in group share

similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and cultural capital

in order to classify behaviour as abnormal look at

violation of social norms, stat rarity, personal distress, and maladaptiveness (neg impacts perosn life) === depends on the situation given

gen vs stagnation is what kind of adult

middle (40-65)

intimacy vs isolation refers to what adults

young adults 20-40

integrity vs despari refers to what adults

elderly- 65+

role of repeated exposure to violence inc reating violent scripts known as

schemeas

explain james lange theory

event -- physio -- emotion

explain schacter singer theory

event --physio -- cog---emotion

explain lazarus cog mediational theory

arousal (snake) -- appraisal of threat -- fear/heart pounding

this kind of learning takes place in social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction

social learning

what kind of attitude componenet: ppl were asked indicate their level of agreement with statement that assert their beliefs about gender and family

cognitive - read the pass

if men and women consume the same alcohol with same roles then it will challenge the hypoth about test

any kind of info that it autobiographic will be

episodic

assesment of alcohol use can be done my

withdrawl symptoms - specifci , others like agression, impair memory, difficuly with impulse control can have other factors

BIG 5 THEORY

OCEAN - openness, conscientess (planning, responsibility), extroversion, agreaables, neurotiscm (insecuirty, anxiety)

this term is when applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance

overextension

when person sees moth like a butterfly on her dress shoes, hairbows that resemble the shape of butterfly she says butterfly - what happening

overextension

___ this explain when child is adding word to vocab

name explosion

this is term used when initial stages of grammar - learn word meaning using syntactic categories and language structure

bootstrapping - with this can gain inferences about word meanings

Uunder use of services like healthcare, depression, demntia, alcohol bc of

social stigma - what will ppl ay - these conditions mentioned are noted for stigmitization

this involves the inability to suppress unwanted or inapporpriate behaviour like the rowdy or risk taking

disinhibiton - relate to how alchol use binge drinking cause prevetable injuries

the meaning of assimilation is that peros will ___ the customs - norma and values so also their health outcomes like life extecnacy would approximate to rest of ppl too

adopt

auditory hair cells are what type of receptors

mechanoreceptors - stereocillia

___ these receptors are found in carotid bodies and the aortic arch - detect the presence of chemicals

chemoreceptors

these are usu located in hypothalamus and detect the change in osmotic pressure

osmoreceptors