PSYCH SOC Flashcards
this kind of learning process by which person learns a behaviour or response to avoid a stressful or unpleasant situation
avoidance - behaviour where you learn to avoid or remove oneself from the situation - experience the absence of punishment
escape and avoidance are what type of conditon behaviour
aversive control
with ____ learning you have an element of surprise, thrown into situation and have to escape - you already exp the aversive stimulus
escape
this learning - you hear the fire alarm and aovid the fire breakout - learn behavour or response to not exp the aversive stimulus
avoidance
when anticipating aversive events and viewing fear induced pictures what system control this
sympathetic - also incr skin conductivity - anticipation, startle response,
when a person learns to respond differently to various stimulu its called
stimulus discrimination
if particiapants are presented with numbers but they had to respond correctly in order to receive the incentive what are the numbers functioning as
discriminatory stimuli
unconditioned stimuli elecit a —–
reflexive response
_____ this approach holds that actual outcomes determine the behaviour not cognitions regarding the potential outcomes
behaviourist
the behaviourist approach deals with how _____ factors affect observable behaviour and does/not take into account for thoughts/feelings
environmental, NOT
this theory is the bridge between behavioural and psychoanlytic (mental) theory
COGNITIVE - how an individual’s thoughts and beliefs influence their feelings and behaviors.
_______ refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behaviour that are not inherent to the behaviour itself
extrinsic motivation
______ is a broader term that acc includs external motivation
extrinisic motivation
this kind of motivation stems form perosn drives, goal, and fulfillment - students studies bc they want to
intrisic motivation
this kind of motivation is when you want a reward or to avoid punishment - other ppl factors - ex student stuidies os get scholarhsip
extrinsic motivation
extrinsic motivation includes both
punishers and reinforcers
this refers to the gap bw persona actual self and ideal self
incongruence
this is described as: desire to reach ones goals creates a drive that individuals are motivated to fulfill
autonomous motivation - self initiating behaviours that are tied to ones values and goals
this refers to the error people make when they ignore the base rates (prior probabilities) when evaluating the probablities of events (freq) - librarian
base rate fallacy - you think something is true, but you are ignoring the fact that there is NO possible way it can be true due to the stats of it occurring.
this is when you really believe something despite there BEING EVIDENCE
belief perservance
this bias is when youre like i knew it all along, tendency for person to overestimate how well they successful predict oucome
hindsight bias
this bias part of the observeers recording the data, no ebing blind,
oberver
this is refers to reason the next scientist are testing the intial drug - replicate
public verifiability
Base rate fallacy - When you ignore the actual data and go ahead with categorizing people using representative heuristic
Base rate fallacy -
: actively seek out only confirming facts.
Confirmation bias
: if we succeed it is due to internal qualities, if we fail it is due to external qualities.
Self-serving bias
: bad things happen to others but not us.
Optimism bias
: first impression/information is more important/easier to remember.
Primacy bias
: assuming others share the same belief as us.
Projection bias
: the situation will stay normal, nothing bad will happen
Normalcy bias
: memory isn’t reliable, it has been reconstructed.
-Reconstructive bias
when a participant drops out of a long term study or experiment.
Attrition bias:
: self reported information is vulnerable to this. Thinking subjectively not objectively.
Subjective bias
: a bias that we are unaware of, unconsciously influences our decisions.
Implicit bias
: tendency to think certain ways. Causes deviation from rational thinking and good judgement.
Cognitive bias
: tendency to overstress changes between the past and present in order to make oneself appear more worthy or competent than one actually is.
Egocentric bias
: occurs when people make a decision based on the way the information is presented, as opposed to just on the facts themselves.
Framing bias
: the tendency to excessively depend on automated systems.
Automation bias
: when participation is voluntary so it might skew results
voluntary response bias
similar idea but when they self select into a specific group, so people of a certain characteristic might participate in a study compared to others.
self-selection bias:
is a fallacy or error in decision making where people judge that a conjunction of two possible events is more likely than one or both of the conjuncts.
The `Conjunction Fallacy’ - ex. I most likely have both the flu and pneumonia.
: when individuals complete the same assessment more than once, which affects their responses on subsequent assessments
Test-retest bias
the retin functions to
detect light rays and convert them into signals for the brain to process
the ___ and ____ can accomodate and focus the incoming light rays
cornea and iris
______ support th elens and maintains shape of the entire eye
virteous humour
what provides oxygen and nutrients to the eye
blood vessels
this concept says that women are not able to advance in their porfession as quick as male
glass ceiling - obstacles for women and minorities
this concept says that men are promoted and advance in their profession much more quickly than female specificaly in female dom (school)
glass escalator - men arent even seeking it man - most for hetereo white men
this is when refer to people tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function
functional fixedness - not being vreative
_____ this is rule of thumb, strategy or mental shortcut - ____ refers to how readly info is avaible to retreive this info memory
heuritic, avail heurisitic
low response rate raises questions to
if other responsepdant differ nonrespondednts
dispositional factors is just another word
positive, or internal factors (self serving bias)
if team building then it measn
they are part on smae team - one group - follow in group characterisitics
is it says ppl should work pro bone that means they are
altruisic - read pass
_____ this theory implies that labels applied to indi influence their behaviours - they are placed in social catgeories and - could be stigmatized category
labelling - social stigma, stigamtic roles, deviant roles
enhance students learning of school norms and peer values - what concept related to
socialization
group affiliation is greatest when members of participants in group share
similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and cultural capital
in order to classify behaviour as abnormal look at
violation of social norms, stat rarity, personal distress, and maladaptiveness (neg impacts perosn life) === depends on the situation given
gen vs stagnation is what kind of adult
middle (40-65)
intimacy vs isolation refers to what adults
young adults 20-40
integrity vs despari refers to what adults
elderly- 65+
role of repeated exposure to violence inc reating violent scripts known as
schemeas
explain james lange theory
event – physio – emotion
explain schacter singer theory
event –physio – cog—emotion
explain lazarus cog mediational theory
arousal (snake) – appraisal of threat – fear/heart pounding
this kind of learning takes place in social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction
social learning
what kind of attitude componenet: ppl were asked indicate their level of agreement with statement that assert their beliefs about gender and family
cognitive - read the pass
if men and women consume the same alcohol with same roles then it will challenge the hypoth about test
any kind of info that it autobiographic will be
episodic
assesment of alcohol use can be done my
withdrawl symptoms - specifci , others like agression, impair memory, difficuly with impulse control can have other factors
BIG 5 THEORY
OCEAN - openness, conscientess (planning, responsibility), extroversion, agreaables, neurotiscm (insecuirty, anxiety)
this term is when applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance
overextension
when person sees moth like a butterfly on her dress shoes, hairbows that resemble the shape of butterfly she says butterfly - what happening
overextension
___ this explain when child is adding word to vocab
name explosion
this is term used when initial stages of grammar - learn word meaning using syntactic categories and language structure
bootstrapping - with this can gain inferences about word meanings
Uunder use of services like healthcare, depression, demntia, alcohol bc of
social stigma - what will ppl ay - these conditions mentioned are noted for stigmitization
this involves the inability to suppress unwanted or inapporpriate behaviour like the rowdy or risk taking
disinhibiton - relate to how alchol use binge drinking cause prevetable injuries
the meaning of assimilation is that peros will ___ the customs - norma and values so also their health outcomes like life extecnacy would approximate to rest of ppl too
adopt
auditory hair cells are what type of receptors
mechanoreceptors - stereocillia
___ these receptors are found in carotid bodies and the aortic arch - detect the presence of chemicals
chemoreceptors
these are usu located in hypothalamus and detect the change in osmotic pressure
osmoreceptors
