BIO/BCHM Flashcards
cytochromes (P450) are involved with what
oxidation rx - enable oxidation rx, redox, rx, - they alter the activity of the drug by acting as a oxidizing agent to allow drugs and toxins to be metabolized
phosphate groups are exchanges for what on atoms on tyrosine residues
for the H ATOM of hydroxyl not the O - oxygen will bind to the phosphorus
erythromycin is what
antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
if there is more estrogen in adult females what is prediction of half life - P450 cytochromes too
it would be larger half life than males - they can metabolize erthromyocin more quickly
characterisitic of transcription factos is that
contain a dna binidng domian, they will end up in nucleus (not defining tho), and they can dimerize but not defining
fatty acid oxidation happens where
mitochondria
fatty acid synthesis happend where
cytosol
carnitine shuttle does what
transport fa into mitochondria for oxidation aka as CPT1
structure compariosn from malonyl to acetyl coa
malonyl has a extra carboxyl
when they enzye is carboxyalse - that means
add carboxy group ** read the enzyme name
if it says labeled P was tageed to see identificatio of dna, mrna, protein what is it
dna
as blood passes throuhgt muscle what happend with affinity to Hb for oxygen
it will decrease, we want unloading so oxygen given to muscle tissue, so that include dec ph, inc others (co2, dpg, temp)
henry law means
con gas in liq is direct porportional to the solubility and part pressure of the gas,
henry law formula
C=Kh times P
compositon of mrna -
this will include stop codons sow we need to add 3 nucleotides** be careful HOWEVER if it says it was cleaved from long then will have more nucleotides
if it says perosn has GH deficniens use hormone replacement to do prevent what
short stature - we want them to grow - this wont be related to appetitie in the Q
apparently ADPribosyl transferase is
toxic
IF ASKING WHICH subunit is least suitable for genration of vaccine (whihc is least effective) look for
see if toxic, spearted, bu subunits, and into they cytoplasm
what are the subunits of ribosome for bacteria and euk
bac: 30S and 50S and euk: 40S and 60S
All prokaryotes have a ____ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger ____ ribosomes in their cytosol
70S (where S=Svedberg units), 80S
what is the flow of the tRNAs
EPA - GO FROM A –> E
when asked to focus on transcription regualtion need to assess the ___ as opposed to ____
mrna, protein so you ca use RT-PCR technique or northen blotting
this measure the level of dna, quantify the con of dna species in reaction sample
qPPCR
EXAMPLE of technique which separates proteins independantly of their charge
gel filtration chroma (only by size)
exmaple of technique which spearte by charge
native page, (mobility, length, charge, conformation), ion exchange(charge), and isoeltrci focusing (isolectric pt, ph gradient, charge, )
when you ant to see how many comboniation with structues for full length peptide you can do
factorial, with number diff tripeptids of isolated!
cyctic fibrosies is
recess - need 2 small to express it
what is the purpose of inactive X chroma in women
extra X is heterchromaitn, to prevent duplicatesm one of them is inactivated, so its one of the last chromosomes to undergo replication in mitosis
Heterochromatin is highly ___, gene-poor, and transcriptionally ___
condensed, silent
this control is performed in conditions that are not expected to give positive results
negative
when it says bile is released explain structures
contraction of muscle in wall of gallbladder, and relax of hepatopancreatic sphincter
peptidases do what
break down peptides – protein
even tho the kidneys are major osmoregualtor organ what else playa role in process
skin and lungs – large amount is secreted in urine we also secrete via skin/lungs, (transpiration, sweaT)
high URINE osmolarity means that more ____ are being removed from the bod relative to the _____ being removed
ion, water
if solution has high osmolarity means
high solutes, less water
if solution has low osmolarity means
less solutes, more water
if there is higher urine osmolarity and less blood osomolarly what doe sit mesn
in urine much more higher concentration of ions/solute, than the blood, blood has more water so in this case, the kidneys are acting to conserve water
formula for CO
=SV TIMES HR
Anaerobic respiration causes ____ ph because this forms
dec (more acidic) and bc lactic acid forms
presence of lactate in the venous blood, with inc/dec osmolarity
inc
with log base 10 on the y axis what does it translate to
always will be 10,000 also when it says slow down in the graph see where on the graph it kind of levels off
___ this is the phagocytotic innate immune cell specific to the brain
microglia
_______ these cells activate B cells which proliferate and produce antibodies specific to the antigen
helper t cells
_____ these are immune cells no present in brain, is a lymphocyte that kills cells that damaged
cytotoxic t cells
___ these cells produce antibodies are responsible for immune response
B cells
intercalated discs are synonmous with
cardiac muscles
_____ these are intercellular junctions that function as anchors to form strong sheets of cells
desmosomes
example of where gap jucntions - provide cytoplasmic channels bw adj cells
epithelia, which are the coverings of body surfaces, as well as nerves, cardiac (heart) muscle, and smooth muscle (such as that of the intestines).
Most synapses are _____; these synapses communicate using chemical messengers.
chemical
amber codon known as
stop - protein will not be synthesized
say correct order of gaba receptors located in cell membrane
first made in RER then modified by golgi, and transported into the membrane by transport vesicles
if female has unknown genotype byt we know will express the domintant (dont know if homo or hetero) so how to test
mate with male with complete recesiive traits for both - if produce no recessive then female was homo dom, and if recessive are produced then we know she was hetereo
which process is likely responsible for the failure of gamete to receive a copy of a particular chromo
nondisjunction - sister chromatids fail to separtate, abnormal chromo during anaphase 1 and 2 too few or too many
inactive X in female is packaged in
heterochromatin - condences,m
___ explains when genes tend to be inhertied together
linkage
Heat and work are
not state functions.
exmaple of state functions
Mass, pressure, density, energy, temperature, volume, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and chemical composition are all examples of state functions in thermochemistry.
