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AAMC FL#4 > BIO/BCHM > Flashcards

BIO/BCHM Flashcards

1
Q

cytochromes (P450) are involved with what

A

oxidation rx - enable oxidation rx, redox, rx, - they alter the activity of the drug by acting as a oxidizing agent to allow drugs and toxins to be metabolized

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2
Q

phosphate groups are exchanges for what on atoms on tyrosine residues

A

for the H ATOM of hydroxyl not the O - oxygen will bind to the phosphorus

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3
Q

erythromycin is what

A

antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.

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4
Q

if there is more estrogen in adult females what is prediction of half life - P450 cytochromes too

A

it would be larger half life than males - they can metabolize erthromyocin more quickly

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5
Q

characterisitic of transcription factos is that

A

contain a dna binidng domian, they will end up in nucleus (not defining tho), and they can dimerize but not defining

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6
Q

fatty acid oxidation happens where

A

mitochondria

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7
Q

fatty acid synthesis happend where

A

cytosol

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8
Q

carnitine shuttle does what

A

transport fa into mitochondria for oxidation aka as CPT1

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9
Q

structure compariosn from malonyl to acetyl coa

A

malonyl has a extra carboxyl

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10
Q

when they enzye is carboxyalse - that means

A

add carboxy group ** read the enzyme name

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11
Q

if it says labeled P was tageed to see identificatio of dna, mrna, protein what is it

A

dna

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12
Q

as blood passes throuhgt muscle what happend with affinity to Hb for oxygen

A

it will decrease, we want unloading so oxygen given to muscle tissue, so that include dec ph, inc others (co2, dpg, temp)

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13
Q

henry law means

A

con gas in liq is direct porportional to the solubility and part pressure of the gas,

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14
Q

henry law formula

A

C=Kh times P

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15
Q

compositon of mrna -

A

this will include stop codons sow we need to add 3 nucleotides** be careful HOWEVER if it says it was cleaved from long then will have more nucleotides

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16
Q

if it says perosn has GH deficniens use hormone replacement to do prevent what

A

short stature - we want them to grow - this wont be related to appetitie in the Q

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17
Q

apparently ADPribosyl transferase is

A

toxic

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18
Q

IF ASKING WHICH subunit is least suitable for genration of vaccine (whihc is least effective) look for

A

see if toxic, spearted, bu subunits, and into they cytoplasm

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19
Q

what are the subunits of ribosome for bacteria and euk

A

bac: 30S and 50S and euk: 40S and 60S

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20
Q

All prokaryotes have a ____ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger ____ ribosomes in their cytosol

A

70S (where S=Svedberg units), 80S

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21
Q

what is the flow of the tRNAs

A

EPA - GO FROM A –> E

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22
Q

when asked to focus on transcription regualtion need to assess the ___ as opposed to ____

A

mrna, protein so you ca use RT-PCR technique or northen blotting

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23
Q

this measure the level of dna, quantify the con of dna species in reaction sample

A

qPPCR

24
Q

EXAMPLE of technique which separates proteins independantly of their charge

A

gel filtration chroma (only by size)

25
Q

exmaple of technique which spearte by charge

A

native page, (mobility, length, charge, conformation), ion exchange(charge), and isoeltrci focusing (isolectric pt, ph gradient, charge, )

26
Q

when you ant to see how many comboniation with structues for full length peptide you can do

A

factorial, with number diff tripeptids of isolated!

27
Q

cyctic fibrosies is

A

recess - need 2 small to express it

28
Q

what is the purpose of inactive X chroma in women

A

extra X is heterchromaitn, to prevent duplicatesm one of them is inactivated, so its one of the last chromosomes to undergo replication in mitosis

29
Q

Heterochromatin is highly ___, gene-poor, and transcriptionally ___

A

condensed, silent

30
Q

this control is performed in conditions that are not expected to give positive results

A

negative

31
Q

when it says bile is released explain structures

A

contraction of muscle in wall of gallbladder, and relax of hepatopancreatic sphincter

32
Q

peptidases do what

A

break down peptides – protein

33
Q

even tho the kidneys are major osmoregualtor organ what else playa role in process

A

skin and lungs – large amount is secreted in urine we also secrete via skin/lungs, (transpiration, sweaT)

34
Q

high URINE osmolarity means that more ____ are being removed from the bod relative to the _____ being removed

A

ion, water

35
Q

if solution has high osmolarity means

A

high solutes, less water

36
Q

if solution has low osmolarity means

A

less solutes, more water

37
Q

if there is higher urine osmolarity and less blood osomolarly what doe sit mesn

A

in urine much more higher concentration of ions/solute, than the blood, blood has more water so in this case, the kidneys are acting to conserve water

38
Q

formula for CO

A

=SV TIMES HR

39
Q

Anaerobic respiration causes ____ ph because this forms

A

dec (more acidic) and bc lactic acid forms

40
Q

presence of lactate in the venous blood, with inc/dec osmolarity

A

inc

41
Q

with log base 10 on the y axis what does it translate to

A

always will be 10,000 also when it says slow down in the graph see where on the graph it kind of levels off

42
Q

___ this is the phagocytotic innate immune cell specific to the brain

A

microglia

43
Q

_______ these cells activate B cells which proliferate and produce antibodies specific to the antigen

A

helper t cells

44
Q

_____ these are immune cells no present in brain, is a lymphocyte that kills cells that damaged

A

cytotoxic t cells

45
Q

___ these cells produce antibodies are responsible for immune response

A

B cells

46
Q

intercalated discs are synonmous with

A

cardiac muscles

47
Q

_____ these are intercellular junctions that function as anchors to form strong sheets of cells

A

desmosomes

48
Q

example of where gap jucntions - provide cytoplasmic channels bw adj cells

A

epithelia, which are the coverings of body surfaces, as well as nerves, cardiac (heart) muscle, and smooth muscle (such as that of the intestines).

49
Q

Most synapses are _____; these synapses communicate using chemical messengers.

A

chemical

50
Q

amber codon known as

A

stop - protein will not be synthesized

51
Q

say correct order of gaba receptors located in cell membrane

A

first made in RER then modified by golgi, and transported into the membrane by transport vesicles

52
Q

if female has unknown genotype byt we know will express the domintant (dont know if homo or hetero) so how to test

A

mate with male with complete recesiive traits for both - if produce no recessive then female was homo dom, and if recessive are produced then we know she was hetereo

53
Q

which process is likely responsible for the failure of gamete to receive a copy of a particular chromo

A

nondisjunction - sister chromatids fail to separtate, abnormal chromo during anaphase 1 and 2 too few or too many

54
Q

inactive X in female is packaged in

A

heterochromatin - condences,m

55
Q

___ explains when genes tend to be inhertied together

A

linkage

56
Q

Heat and work are

A

not state functions.

57
Q

exmaple of state functions

A

Mass, pressure, density, energy, temperature, volume, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and chemical composition are all examples of state functions in thermochemistry.

AAMC FL#4 (3 decks)

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