BIO/BCHM

Question 1

cytochromes (P450) are involved with what

Answer 1

oxidation rx - enable oxidation rx, redox, rx, - they alter the activity of the drug by acting as a oxidizing agent to allow drugs and toxins to be metabolized

Question 2

phosphate groups are exchanges for what on atoms on tyrosine residues

Answer 2

for the H ATOM of hydroxyl not the O - oxygen will bind to the phosphorus

Question 3

erythromycin is what

Answer 3

antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.

Question 4

if there is more estrogen in adult females what is prediction of half life - P450 cytochromes too

Answer 4

it would be larger half life than males - they can metabolize erthromyocin more quickly

Question 5

characterisitic of transcription factos is that

Answer 5

contain a dna binidng domian, they will end up in nucleus (not defining tho), and they can dimerize but not defining

Question 6

fatty acid oxidation happens where

Answer 6

mitochondria

Question 7

fatty acid synthesis happend where

Answer 7

cytosol

Question 8

carnitine shuttle does what

Answer 8

transport fa into mitochondria for oxidation aka as CPT1

Question 9

structure compariosn from malonyl to acetyl coa

Answer 9

malonyl has a extra carboxyl

Question 10

when they enzye is carboxyalse - that means

Answer 10

add carboxy group ** read the enzyme name

Question 11

if it says labeled P was tageed to see identificatio of dna, mrna, protein what is it

Answer 11

dna

Question 12

as blood passes throuhgt muscle what happend with affinity to Hb for oxygen

Answer 12

it will decrease, we want unloading so oxygen given to muscle tissue, so that include dec ph, inc others (co2, dpg, temp)

Question 13

henry law means

Answer 13

con gas in liq is direct porportional to the solubility and part pressure of the gas,

Question 14

henry law formula

Answer 14

C=Kh times P

Question 15

compositon of mrna -

Answer 15

this will include stop codons sow we need to add 3 nucleotides** be careful HOWEVER if it says it was cleaved from long then will have more nucleotides

Question 16

if it says perosn has GH deficniens use hormone replacement to do prevent what

Answer 16

short stature - we want them to grow - this wont be related to appetitie in the Q

Question 17

apparently ADPribosyl transferase is

Answer 17

toxic

Question 18

IF ASKING WHICH subunit is least suitable for genration of vaccine (whihc is least effective) look for

Answer 18

see if toxic, spearted, bu subunits, and into they cytoplasm

Question 19

what are the subunits of ribosome for bacteria and euk

Answer 19

bac: 30S and 50S and euk: 40S and 60S

Question 20

All prokaryotes have a ____ribosomes while eukaryotes contain larger ____ ribosomes in their cytosol

Answer 20

70S (where S=Svedberg units), 80S

Question 21

what is the flow of the tRNAs

Answer 21

EPA - GO FROM A –> E

Question 22

when asked to focus on transcription regualtion need to assess the ___ as opposed to ____

Answer 22

mrna, protein so you ca use RT-PCR technique or northen blotting

Question 23

this measure the level of dna, quantify the con of dna species in reaction sample

Answer 23

qPPCR

Question 24

EXAMPLE of technique which separates proteins independantly of their charge

Answer 24

gel filtration chroma (only by size)

Question 25

exmaple of technique which spearte by charge

Answer 25

native page, (mobility, length, charge, conformation), ion exchange(charge), and isoeltrci focusing (isolectric pt, ph gradient, charge, )

Question 26

when you ant to see how many comboniation with structues for full length peptide you can do

Answer 26

factorial, with number diff tripeptids of isolated!

Question 27

cyctic fibrosies is

Answer 27

recess - need 2 small to express it

Question 28

what is the purpose of inactive X chroma in women

Answer 28

extra X is heterchromaitn, to prevent duplicatesm one of them is inactivated, so its one of the last chromosomes to undergo replication in mitosis

Question 29

Heterochromatin is highly ___, gene-poor, and transcriptionally ___

Answer 29

condensed, silent

Question 30

this control is performed in conditions that are not expected to give positive results

Answer 30

negative

Question 31

when it says bile is released explain structures

Answer 31

contraction of muscle in wall of gallbladder, and relax of hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 32

peptidases do what

Answer 32

break down peptides -- protein

Question 33

even tho the kidneys are major osmoregualtor organ what else playa role in process

Answer 33

skin and lungs -- large amount is secreted in urine we also secrete via skin/lungs, (transpiration, sweaT)

Question 34

high URINE osmolarity means that more ____ are being removed from the bod relative to the _____ being removed

Answer 34

ion, water

Question 35

if solution has high osmolarity means

Answer 35

high solutes, less water

Question 36

if solution has low osmolarity means

Answer 36

less solutes, more water

Question 37

if there is higher urine osmolarity and less blood osomolarly what doe sit mesn

Answer 37

in urine much more higher concentration of ions/solute, than the blood, blood has more water so in this case, the kidneys are acting to conserve water

Question 38

formula for CO

Answer 38

=SV TIMES HR

Question 39

Anaerobic respiration causes ____ ph because this forms

Answer 39

dec (more acidic) and bc lactic acid forms

Question 40

presence of lactate in the venous blood, with inc/dec osmolarity

Answer 40

inc

Question 41

with log base 10 on the y axis what does it translate to

Answer 41

always will be 10,000 also when it says slow down in the graph see where on the graph it kind of levels off

Question 42

___ this is the phagocytotic innate immune cell specific to the brain

Answer 42

microglia

Question 43

_______ these cells activate B cells which proliferate and produce antibodies specific to the antigen

Answer 43

helper t cells

Question 44

_____ these are immune cells no present in brain, is a lymphocyte that kills cells that damaged

Answer 44

cytotoxic t cells

Question 45

___ these cells produce antibodies are responsible for immune response

Answer 45

B cells

Question 46

intercalated discs are synonmous with

Answer 46

cardiac muscles

Question 47

_____ these are intercellular junctions that function as anchors to form strong sheets of cells

Answer 47

desmosomes

Question 48

example of where gap jucntions - provide cytoplasmic channels bw adj cells

Answer 48

epithelia, which are the coverings of body surfaces, as well as nerves, cardiac (heart) muscle, and smooth muscle (such as that of the intestines).

Question 49

Most synapses are _____; these synapses communicate using chemical messengers.

Answer 49

chemical

Question 50

amber codon known as

Answer 50

stop - protein will not be synthesized

Question 51

say correct order of gaba receptors located in cell membrane

Answer 51

first made in RER then modified by golgi, and transported into the membrane by transport vesicles

Question 52

if female has unknown genotype byt we know will express the domintant (dont know if homo or hetero) so how to test

Answer 52

mate with male with complete recesiive traits for both - if produce no recessive then female was homo dom, and if recessive are produced then we know she was hetereo

Question 53

which process is likely responsible for the failure of gamete to receive a copy of a particular chromo

Answer 53

nondisjunction - sister chromatids fail to separtate, abnormal chromo during anaphase 1 and 2 too few or too many

Question 54

inactive X in female is packaged in

Answer 54

heterochromatin - condences,m

Question 55

___ explains when genes tend to be inhertied together

Answer 55

linkage

Question 56

Heat and work are

Answer 56

not state functions.

Question 57

exmaple of state functions

Answer 57

Mass, pressure, density, energy, temperature, volume, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy and chemical composition are all examples of state functions in thermochemistry.