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AAMC FL#4 > CHEM/PHYS > Flashcards

CHEM/PHYS Flashcards

1
Q

if the rx is not decomposing what does that mean

A

no spont

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2
Q

formula for spontantoue

A

g = h - ts

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3
Q

negative enthalpy change represents an

A

exothermic change

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4
Q

what are not included in the eq constant

A

pure solid and pure liq

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5
Q

oxidation of H is ___ when combined with a NON METAL

A

+1

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6
Q

1 MOLE OF ANY GAS AT STP is how many liters

A

22.4

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7
Q

why would researchers make sure the cuvettes are identical in terms of optical properties

A

to enable comparison of absorption spectra, not because of cuvette differences –> want to attribute the differences to glucose differences (what we want to measure)

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8
Q

nm to m

A

multiply by 10^-9

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9
Q

explain how to find concentration with absorbance and dilution ratio

A

see table, for patter and see how much inc, and estimate of what concentration would be THEN mutliply that by dilution ratio – so 1/30 them multiply by 30

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10
Q

______is used to predict values bw known data points while ________ is used to predict values outside range of data

A

interpolation, and extrapolation ex. if it says to estinamte a concentration that is outside the range but we can use the KNOWN data points to estimate - inter

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11
Q

if the concentration is too high in the range what can we do

A

dilute the sample with another solvent - absorbance will fall,

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12
Q

distillatio is used to sepate by

A

bp - used for less than 25 degrees apart,

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13
Q

expalin simple distillation

A

Simple = below 150 degrees and if the substances you’re trying to distill are at least 25 degrees or greater apart in terms of boiling point

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14
Q

oxidation of 1 alcohol

A

aldehyde

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15
Q

oxidation of aldehyde to

A

carboxy acid - add carboxy group and remove carbonyl group bc of free hydrogen

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16
Q

oxidation of secondary oh to

A

ketone

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17
Q

what alcohol is diffucult to oxidize

A

tert, because it involves C-C breaking, resistant to ox, no H, but other carbon atoms (C-H are more readily)

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18
Q

E AND Z labelling is when your looking at

A

double bond - Z on same side of DOUBLE BOND

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19
Q

when finding the magnitude of the vectors what fomula

A

you can do A+B and A-B for range ex. if A =8 and B=5, then from 3-13, 3 units when anitparallel of 180 degress and 13 units when parallel and 0 deg

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20
Q

with nearsight is says that it helped to flattening of the cornea - whats the effect, why

A

by flattening we are elongating and inc the radius of curvature, so the imag focuses on the retina instead of front of retina (mypoia),i

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21
Q

if they are removing orneal matter and flattening of the cornea what happen to thickness of the corea at the ape

A

decreased bc laser removes layers of tissue

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22
Q

formula with electric field magnitude with V and m

A

V/m

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23
Q

if we are given duration its known as _____ and formula for f

A

period so f=1/T

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24
Q

continous laser radiation, provide

A

continous radiation - absorb more radiation on the contrary pulsed laser would do the opposite

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25
Q

index of refraton is an ____ property of tissue material

A

intrinsic, does not change, just like density of cornea,

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26
Q

NH3 is polar or non

A

POLAR - bc of EN differences + structure

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27
Q

these forces are the weakest and exist in all real molecules

A

L.D

28
Q

in graph it shows that compound 1 alone does not induce apop but when combines with comp 2 it does a great inc in apop so what resuls be

A

comp 1 selectively sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic action by comp 2

29
Q

is a compound is the sensitizing agent then it shoule be administerd

A

first, so it can get exposed to the first compound first and - so first sensitzation then chemotherapeutic agent

30
Q

carbonyl group has a ____ bond and how many sigma and pi

A

double, one sig and one pi

31
Q

phases of diagram

A

solid top left, then gas bottom, then liquid middle ish

32
Q

what is supercritical fluid

A

any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist - bw liq and gas

33
Q

triple ppint is

A

emperature and pressure combination that allows for all three phases of a substance to occur simultaneously.

34
Q

which transition produces a photon with the longest wavelength

A

one with the shortest energy, short frequency, one with shortest line

35
Q

this group has a c=o and NH2 carbonyl and NH2

A

amide

36
Q

this group has no double bonds but with Nh2 or R3N - three group attach to N

A

amine

37
Q

This group has structure of R2C=NR

A

IMINE

38
Q

this group has structure of R-O-(C=O)-NR2R3

A

carbamate

39
Q

these are example of reducing agents involed in nuclephilic addition with al/ketones that reduce the oxygen in C=O to OH

A

LiAl4 and NaBh4 - only al/ketone not esters

40
Q

structure of lactone

A

Lactones are cyclic esters of organic acids. It is a condensation product of an alcohol group and a carboxylic acid –> c=o and o next to the same c=o carbon

41
Q

is something is positvely charges it can get

A

deportonante for ex, Na2CO3 will deportaonate a pos charges N (amine)

42
Q

once something gets deprotanated it will have _____ and will act as a ____ now

A

lone pair nucleophile

43
Q

these inhibitors bind to site other than active site, and the binding can occur during any stage of substrate binding

A

mixed

44
Q

____ this mechanism is characterized by the change of the enzyme into an intermediate form when the first substrate to prodyct rx happens aka double displacement

A

ping pong

45
Q

this mechanism is when one substrate has to first bind to enzyme followed by other substrate

A

ordered

46
Q

this mechansism is when substrates and products are bound and then released in no preferred order

A

random

47
Q

in ping pong these complexes cannot occur

A

ternary complex – ternary complex is enzyme + ATP + other substrate!

A non-ternary complex would be one in which the enzyme does not require ATP to bind as well, such as many of the isomerases etc.

48
Q

covalent interaction are usuallt

A

irreversible so tis would not apply to RT

49
Q

this a.a can form covalent bonds

A

cysteine

50
Q

how to get low absorbance with beer law

A

low molar absorptivity, path length is small, and concentration should be low - formula is A=ebc - b length

51
Q

nuceliphile wants to attack a

A

pos charges - so not oxygen but P

52
Q

what allows small insects to walk on the free surface of water

A

surface tension

53
Q

if a thin thread is placed bs screen and bright source of light, pattern of parallel dark and bright fringes appear - what explaination

A

diffraction - small slit

54
Q

this is when light ray changes its direction in a new medium with diff properties depending on incident angle and changes in speed

A

refraction

55
Q

____ this is when elctric field of light is confined to a single plane along dir of propagation

A

linear polarization

56
Q

when ecltric field of th elight consist of 2 linear components that are perpendicular to each other, equal amplitude with phase difference on pi/2 - rotates in circle

A

circular polarizatio

57
Q

this is when light bounces back at the interface bw optical media with diff indices of refraction - no change in optical media when light passes by the thread

A

relfection

58
Q

which fomr is more stable keto or enol

A

keto is stabe, keto -enol tautomerism is when chem equilibrium betwen keto/al and an enol (alcohol), keto is predom and can be seen with pKa values whihc is greater than physiological p

59
Q

divalent ions are ones that

A

have +2 charge

60
Q

1 C is equal to

A

A x s

61
Q

to find force with mass and velocity, and time

A

first to acc, then do F=am

62
Q

free electrons arrange themselves on the

A

surface of the conductor

63
Q

which would explain that electric field inside each of the conductors that forms the capacitor in the defibrillator is zero

A

free elctrons in conductor arrange themselves on the surface so that the elctric field they produce inside the conductor exactly cancels any external electric field

64
Q

what happens one first for AP

A

volatage gated na channels open at axon hillock

65
Q

only time when g is non spont is when

A

h is positive, and s is negative at all temp

66
Q
A

AAMC FL#4 (3 decks)

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