CHEM/PHYS Flashcards
if the rx is not decomposing what does that mean
no spont
formula for spontantoue
g = h - ts
negative enthalpy change represents an
exothermic change
what are not included in the eq constant
pure solid and pure liq
oxidation of H is ___ when combined with a NON METAL
+1
1 MOLE OF ANY GAS AT STP is how many liters
22.4
why would researchers make sure the cuvettes are identical in terms of optical properties
to enable comparison of absorption spectra, not because of cuvette differences –> want to attribute the differences to glucose differences (what we want to measure)
nm to m
multiply by 10^-9
explain how to find concentration with absorbance and dilution ratio
see table, for patter and see how much inc, and estimate of what concentration would be THEN mutliply that by dilution ratio – so 1/30 them multiply by 30
______is used to predict values bw known data points while ________ is used to predict values outside range of data
interpolation, and extrapolation ex. if it says to estinamte a concentration that is outside the range but we can use the KNOWN data points to estimate - inter
if the concentration is too high in the range what can we do
dilute the sample with another solvent - absorbance will fall,
distillatio is used to sepate by
bp - used for less than 25 degrees apart,
expalin simple distillation
Simple = below 150 degrees and if the substances you’re trying to distill are at least 25 degrees or greater apart in terms of boiling point
oxidation of 1 alcohol
aldehyde
oxidation of aldehyde to
carboxy acid - add carboxy group and remove carbonyl group bc of free hydrogen
oxidation of secondary oh to
ketone
what alcohol is diffucult to oxidize
tert, because it involves C-C breaking, resistant to ox, no H, but other carbon atoms (C-H are more readily)
E AND Z labelling is when your looking at
double bond - Z on same side of DOUBLE BOND
when finding the magnitude of the vectors what fomula
you can do A+B and A-B for range ex. if A =8 and B=5, then from 3-13, 3 units when anitparallel of 180 degress and 13 units when parallel and 0 deg
with nearsight is says that it helped to flattening of the cornea - whats the effect, why
by flattening we are elongating and inc the radius of curvature, so the imag focuses on the retina instead of front of retina (mypoia),i
if they are removing orneal matter and flattening of the cornea what happen to thickness of the corea at the ape
decreased bc laser removes layers of tissue
formula with electric field magnitude with V and m
V/m
if we are given duration its known as _____ and formula for f
period so f=1/T
continous laser radiation, provide
continous radiation - absorb more radiation on the contrary pulsed laser would do the opposite
index of refraton is an ____ property of tissue material
intrinsic, does not change, just like density of cornea,
NH3 is polar or non
POLAR - bc of EN differences + structure
these forces are the weakest and exist in all real molecules
L.D
in graph it shows that compound 1 alone does not induce apop but when combines with comp 2 it does a great inc in apop so what resuls be
comp 1 selectively sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapeutic action by comp 2
is a compound is the sensitizing agent then it shoule be administerd
first, so it can get exposed to the first compound first and - so first sensitzation then chemotherapeutic agent
carbonyl group has a ____ bond and how many sigma and pi
double, one sig and one pi
phases of diagram
solid top left, then gas bottom, then liquid middle ish
what is supercritical fluid
any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist - bw liq and gas
triple ppint is
emperature and pressure combination that allows for all three phases of a substance to occur simultaneously.
which transition produces a photon with the longest wavelength
one with the shortest energy, short frequency, one with shortest line
this group has a c=o and NH2 carbonyl and NH2
amide
this group has no double bonds but with Nh2 or R3N - three group attach to N
amine
This group has structure of R2C=NR
IMINE
this group has structure of R-O-(C=O)-NR2R3
carbamate
these are example of reducing agents involed in nuclephilic addition with al/ketones that reduce the oxygen in C=O to OH
LiAl4 and NaBh4 - only al/ketone not esters
structure of lactone
Lactones are cyclic esters of organic acids. It is a condensation product of an alcohol group and a carboxylic acid –> c=o and o next to the same c=o carbon
is something is positvely charges it can get
deportonante for ex, Na2CO3 will deportaonate a pos charges N (amine)
once something gets deprotanated it will have _____ and will act as a ____ now
lone pair nucleophile
these inhibitors bind to site other than active site, and the binding can occur during any stage of substrate binding
mixed
____ this mechanism is characterized by the change of the enzyme into an intermediate form when the first substrate to prodyct rx happens aka double displacement
ping pong
this mechanism is when one substrate has to first bind to enzyme followed by other substrate
ordered
this mechansism is when substrates and products are bound and then released in no preferred order
random
in ping pong these complexes cannot occur
ternary complex – ternary complex is enzyme + ATP + other substrate!
A non-ternary complex would be one in which the enzyme does not require ATP to bind as well, such as many of the isomerases etc.
covalent interaction are usuallt
irreversible so tis would not apply to RT
this a.a can form covalent bonds
cysteine
how to get low absorbance with beer law
low molar absorptivity, path length is small, and concentration should be low - formula is A=ebc - b length
nuceliphile wants to attack a
pos charges - so not oxygen but P
what allows small insects to walk on the free surface of water
surface tension
if a thin thread is placed bs screen and bright source of light, pattern of parallel dark and bright fringes appear - what explaination
diffraction - small slit
this is when light ray changes its direction in a new medium with diff properties depending on incident angle and changes in speed
refraction
____ this is when elctric field of light is confined to a single plane along dir of propagation
linear polarization
when ecltric field of th elight consist of 2 linear components that are perpendicular to each other, equal amplitude with phase difference on pi/2 - rotates in circle
circular polarizatio
this is when light bounces back at the interface bw optical media with diff indices of refraction - no change in optical media when light passes by the thread
relfection
which fomr is more stable keto or enol
keto is stabe, keto -enol tautomerism is when chem equilibrium betwen keto/al and an enol (alcohol), keto is predom and can be seen with pKa values whihc is greater than physiological p
divalent ions are ones that
have +2 charge
1 C is equal to
A x s
to find force with mass and velocity, and time
first to acc, then do F=am
free electrons arrange themselves on the
surface of the conductor
which would explain that electric field inside each of the conductors that forms the capacitor in the defibrillator is zero
free elctrons in conductor arrange themselves on the surface so that the elctric field they produce inside the conductor exactly cancels any external electric field
what happens one first for AP
volatage gated na channels open at axon hillock
only time when g is non spont is when
h is positive, and s is negative at all temp
