PSYCH SOC Flashcards
Conclusion based on a sample is?
Statistic
Conclusion based on a population is?
Parameter
3 Types of Probability Sampling?
Simple
Cluster
Stratified
Nonprobability Sampling
Snowball
Cluster Sampling
Selecting clusters (townships) of participants randomly.
-Clusters should be similar to each other other than the intervention you’re applying
-Ex. 6 townships of Ontario, 3 get fluoride, and three done
Stratified Sampling
Sort the population into subpopulations, then randomly sample proportionality from those subpopulations.
-You SUSPECT that the subpopulations might be different in the variable of interest.
-EX: You suspect ON and QU will vote differently in an upcoming federal election. You survey twoce as many ON than QU
Snowball Sampling
Initial participants are found, then they refer researchers to other participants
-FInding more
Block Design
Groups first, then randomize
-Group first, such as by gender, then randomize new groups with equal number from each group.
Match Pair Design
Double Block
Case Control Studies are for
Rare Outcomes
Study 2 groups, one that has a certain outcome and one that doesn’t. Then the values of another variable are compared between groups
PAST
What type of study removes bi-directionality?
Quasi-Experimental Studies
-Inventions applied but not randomly
-Longitudinal
Case Studies
Dive Deeply into a Few Cases
-Studies a particular criminal’s motivations, situations, not a model
-No STATS
Best way to do research is?
MIXED METHODS combines multiple methods to paint a better picture.
-Gets rid of the weakness of one.
Discrete Data
Numerical data restriction to specific values (whole numbers integers)
Continuous Data
Data not restricted to certain number values (Non-integers, decimals)
The area under a normal distribution is equal to what?
1
Bell curve and symmetrical
Mean is the center of distribution
Uniform Distribution
Probability is the same
For interval or ratio data that are skewed or contain outliers, use what measurement for central tendency?
Median
For interval or ratio data that are non-skewed, use what measurement for central tendency?
Mean
Interval Variables
Has an arbitrary zero point, intervals between values on a scale
ONLY addition or subtraction
Ratio Variables
Has a meaningful Zero
-Can do all math
Outliers greatly effect _____ and ______
Mean and Standard Deviation
Standard Error
Standard error is the standard deviation
Random Error
High Accuracy
Low Precision
-Occurs in all types of measurements by instrument insensitivity and human error
Systematic Error
High Precision
Low accuracy
Shift all measurements in one direction, leading to bias
Central Tendency
Standard Error to Peaks
Dispersion, how wide the peak is, wider = increased dispersion.
Alpha value
P-Value
Type 1 Error
Null is rejected when it is true (False Positive)
-Fail to Reject Null
Type 2 Error
Null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false (false negative)
Correlation Coeffient is used when?
R, both variables are quantatitive
1 = Positive Perfect Linear
-1 = Negative Perfect Linear
0=No Linear Relationship
Residuals
Difference between an observed value of response variable and predicted value
Varibles Chi-Squared Test (x2)
All Variables are categorical
Variables T-Test
Compare the average values of a quantitative variable between two categorical groups
-1 #, and 2 Categories
-Life expectancy differs between Canadians and Americans
ANOVA
Like a T-Test but more than two categorical groups
Internal Validity, why are confounds big effects?
The degree to which the independent variable has been demonstrated to cause the dependent variable
-Confounders are therefore big threats
Temporality
for variables to be causally related, the independent variable must occur before the dependant variable
2 Parts of External Validity
1)Participants included in the sample are representations to generalized pop
2)Research setting is representing of generalized setting
Biopsychosocial Approach BPS
Considered hollistic view of health care than biomedical approach
Absolute Threshold
Lowest Intensity Stimulus that can be detected
Difference Threshold (JND)
Smallest difference between two stimulus intensities that is needed for us to recognize a change, 50% of the time
What is Webers Law
The change to meet the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the OG stimulus.
-Amount of change needed to reach threshold depends on the OG stimulus
Low K in Webers law means high or low sensitivity?
High Sensitivity
Inverse relationship
Webers Equation
Delta I (JND, change in intensity) / Background Intensity (I) = K (constant) (Unique to a given individual and sense, but constant)
The Webers law states that there is a inverse or linear relationship btwn Background intensity and JND
Linear
Need to increase the intensity of sound talking in a louder background space to be able to hear
Bottom Up Processing
Assembling individual pieces of info to construct an idea
TOUGH
Top Down Processing
Using an existing framework of knowledge to decide which sensation is useful
What are Gesalt Principles
How we distinguished stable objects from their backgrounds
Form: Objects/Figure
Ground: Everything Else
Gesalt Principles are top-down or bottom-up?
Top-down because requires prior knowledge
Used to group sensory information in regions called forms.
4 Types of Gesalt Principles
1)Closure
2)Continuation
3)Figure and Ground**
4)Similarity
How do our brains approximate depth?
Binocular Depth Cues
Monocular Depth Cues
Objects far is monocular or binocular
Monocoular
Objects close is monocular or binocular
Binocular
Oculomotor Cues: Uses the info from the movement in our eyes to perceive objects
Oculomotor Cues
Oculomotor Cues: Uses the info from the movement in our eyes to perceive objects
How do we perceive motion?
Motion is not always accurately depicted on the retina; brain uses the retinal info and eye movements to perceive motion
What is Size Constancy?
The brain recognizes that certain object is constant in size despite the fact that things seem bigger when closer to us
What is Shape Constancy?
The brain recognizes that a certain object is constant in shape even when it moves and generates new light patterns on the retina.
Top-down processing governs which 3 perceptions?
1)Depth
2)Motion
3)Constancy
Feature detection is broken down into what 3 categories?
Colours, Form, Motion (Dominates)
They are in competition with each other (motion takes priority)
What is Parallel Processing?
When our brains process all the features listed above at the same time.
form,motion,colour
Pupil
DILATING
Hole located on the center of the IRIS that allows the light to enter
Iris (IRIZZ)
IRIZZ= Colour
Controls the Diameter and Size of pupil
Cornea
Scratched
Transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber
Sclera
Scary Sarah Stabbed Sclera
White of Eye, Opaque, Fibrous, and protective outer layers
Retina
Light Sensitive Tissue lining the inner surface of the eye
Macula
Dracula
Dense region of rods and cones. Has strong resolution and colour vision.
Fovea
Focus on Colour
Region of the Macula where visual activity is the sharpest . ONLY CONES
Choloroid
Vascular layers containing connective tissues lie between the retina and sclera.
Passage of light x4
1)Retina
2)Optic Nerve
3)Thalamus, Primary Visual Cortex
4)Occipital Lobe i
Outer Ear is called the
Pinna
3 Small bones in the ear fxn?
Translates the sound wave to the oval window of the cochlea.
(malleus, incus, stapes)
What is the organ corti?
Sound waves move through the spiral cochlea, and pressure differences are detected by hair cells of the ORGAN of CORTI
Low Sounds (TUBA= Top)
HIGH Sounds (Flute =Bottom)
Sound pathway? x4
1)EAR
2)Cochlear Nerve
3)Thalamus
4)Primary Auditory Cortex in temp lobe
Cochlea detects sound or orientation
Sound
Semicircular Canals detects sound or orientation
Orientation and Movement of Hhead
Where is the vestibular nerve and what does it do?
Semicircular Canals
-Coordinates Propiception
-Working with cerebellum
Temporal Lobe controls what 3 things?
Sound
Smell
Taste
Olfactory and Gustatory use what to sense?
Chemoreceptors
5 Tastes
Sweet
Sours
Bitter
Salty
Unami (Savory)
The skin has what 3 Receptors?
Somatic Sensors:
-External enviro
Proprioceptive
-Sensors: Sense the relative of neighbouring body parts of the body
Nociceptors:
-Perceive pain or potentially dangerous stimuli
Touch Pain and Temperature are integrated in the ______ located where?
Somatosensory Cortex (Tomaetosensory cortex)
in
Parietal Lobe
What is attention?
Selecting which detected stimuli will be further processed
What is disadvantageous about selective attention?
Soley focusing on one stimulus at a time.
-Potentially important stimuli can be ignored
What is the disadvantageous of divided attention?
Slitting attention amongst multiple stimuli at one time
-Difficult to allocate enough time to each stimuli
Broadbent’s early selection theory
- Sensory Buffer
- Selective Filter where some info gets discarded
3.Anything that remains is perceptually and cognitively processed
(Perceptual Processing/Meaning, Short term memory)
Deutch and Deutch’s Late Selection Theory
- Sensory Buffer
- Perceptual Processing/Meaning
3.Filtering - Cognitive processed (Short term memory)
All info gets perceptual processing
Treisman’s Attenuation Theory
- Sensory Buffer
- Attenuator (weakens some incoming signal (less important), assigning levels of priority)
- Perceptual Meaning (All gets thru with different priorities)
4.Cognitive processed (Short term memory)
Cocktail Part Effect
Inattentional/Perceptual Blindness?
When attention is directed elsewhere in a visual field and we aren’t aware of certain objects in other visual fields.
(Even though eyes are open and there are no defects in vision, no guarantee we can process it all)
Change Blindness
Failure to notice changes in the immediate visual environment.
When the individual is attuned to their visual field, and then it suddenly changes, they fail to notice any change if they turn their gaze away
Distal Stimulus
Stimulus in the real world is usually the objects that sensory receptors respond to.
ie: Poke
Proximal Stimulus
Stimulus that occurs when sensory receptors are activated.
Activity that result in brain, neuro rxn,
Two types of memory
Declarative Memory: Explicit
Non-Declarative/Procedural Memory: Implicit
Steps of Declarative Memory Storage
Input
SENSORY MEMORY (3-4 secs)
Attention (Phonological Loop)
SHORT-TERM MEMORY (20 sec)
Important
LONG-TERM
Sensory memory is explicit or implicit
Implicit
Short Term memory only occurs when
We pay attention to it
Phonological Loop
Coding something into short-term memory
Repeating a phone number multiple times and then forgetting
Working Memory is made of what two things and can hold how much info?
Between Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory
-New info and Prior Knowledge
7.5 Bits of info at a time.
How to keep items in working memory?
Chunking or Rehearsals
Mnemonics work by?
Relating new ideas to previous ones, WORKING MEMORY
What is the Dual Coding Effect?
Humans can have multiple representations of the same idea, multiple sensations for one idea.
2 senses are better than one
To be encoded to long term memory info must?
SEMANTIC NETWORKS Associate it with an existing meaning
No Limit to How much it holds
Can be pulled into working memory, kept in long-term memory unconsciously
Hippocampus is involved in what cognitive process?
Memory
4 Processes that decline with age?
- Free Recall (short answer)
- Episodic Memory (events)
- Processing speed of Info
- Divided Attention
Process that improves with aging?
Semantic Memory (concepts)
2 Processes that are stable with age?
- Implicit Memory (Procdural)
- Recognition of Info (multiple choice)
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
Strengthening Synapses (making more likely to fire)
Memory Consolidation
Strengthening of specific neural network that represents one particular memory
Neural Plasticity
The ability of the brain’s networks of neurons and synapses to change
Memory retention and formation
Often wrong answer
Spreading Activation
when one memory of a particular action is retrieved, it activates the memory of others related to it.
Often occurs with Relearning
Recognition Versus Recall
Recall is from Memory
Recognition requires a cue
When is retrieval the highest
When emotion during retrieval matches that of memory formation
Primacy Effect and Recency Effect
Items at beginning and end of list are remembered more than words in middle
Retroactive Interference
New memory interfering with an old memory
Push out old memory with new memory
Occurs with similarity
Proactive Interference
Older memory interfering with new memory
Older memory push out new memory
Occurs with similarity
Memory Construction
Updating Old Memories
Source Monitoring
Associating a memory with a particular source, can also alter memory
Draw conclusions on memory based on source and modifying it
Alzheimer’s
Part of Brain
Symptom
Neural Correlate (Cause)
- Hippocampus
2.Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia (loss of memory)
3.Plaques and Tangles
Korskoff’s
Part of Brain
Symptom
Neural Correlate (Cause)
- LARGE: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Frontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Cerebellum
- Vit B Deficiency, Alc (Not asscoiated with age)
- Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia (loss of memory)
Parkinsons Disease
Part of Brain
Symptom
Neural Correlate (Cause)
- Midbrain
- Motor Ability
3.Neurodegenerative disorder, Neurotrans defects
-Decrease dopamine in Substantia Nigra
Cognition is
Thinking
Input, Process, Output
Assimilation vs. Accommodation
Assimilation: New info doesn’t change our schemas
Accommodation: New Schema developed, changes a schema
Birds Example
Piagets 4 Stages of Development
Sensorimotor (0-2)
Pre-operation (2-7)
Concrete Operational (7-11)
Formal Operational (11+)
Often thought underestimated
Sensorimotor age
0-2
Simple sensory and motor stimuli and behaviours
-Children separate themselves from other objects and learn that objects can exist even tho they are not observed (Object permanence)
Preoperational age
2-7
LITERAL THINKING
EGOCENTRIC
CENTRATION (focused on one aspect of situation, mom is mother but not an aunt or sister (to others))
Concrete Operation age
7-11
Everything but deductive
Inductive Reasoning: General concepts from specific situations
Conservation
Formal Operational Age
11+
Abstract Logical Thinking
Deductvie Reasoning
Differences btwn Piaget and Vygotsy
Piaget: Development is internal (still believes in nature and nurture)
Vygotsy: Develoment is socialcutural
What part of the brain is associated with problem solving and decision making?
Frontal Lobe
What are algotherisms?
Step by step procedures that lead to a solution
Exhaustive and not neccesarly efficient
Trial and Error Method
It involves using repeated attempts to solve a problem until one method works
Related to intuition
Very Inefficient abut does find a solution
Heuristics
Mental Shortcuts
Timesaving, cognitive shortcuts that can help us make decisions quickly under pressure
Availability Heuristic
Tendency to correlate ease of recollection (availability) with some other idea
ie: people overestimate the frequency that they eat sushi because eating sushi is very memorable to them, and therefore easier to remember
Analogies
You can use prior knowledge to compare the problem to another similar problem to find a solution.
Break one problem into smaller similar problems that can be solved in a similar way.
Cognitive Biases
Cognitive shortcuts that have systemic shortcomings
Representativeness Heuristic
Tendency to make educated guesses about a new situation based on prior situations that we consider representative
Over Generalization
Overuse of Representativeness Heuristic (eating makes somebody fat)
Functional Fixedness
Seeing an object in terms of only 1 of its possible functions
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to embrace info that confirms our existing idea and interpret new information in such a way that confirms our ideas
Hindsight Bias
Think things are OBVIOUS in hindsight, despite them not being obvious at the time
Belief Perserverance
Sticking to existing beliefs even when they are problematized by new information
-Related to overconfidence
Causation Bias
Individual attributes a cause and effect relationship to two events that may be just correlated
What are the 2 tests to measure intelligence (IQ)
1)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
2)Stanford-Binet Scale
Math and Verbal Components
What is the Flynn Effect
Overtime societies IQ increases
The average globel IQ is set to what and most of the population fits in how many standard deviations of this number?
100
2 SD
2/3 SD: +/- 15, 85-115
Fluid Intelligence vs Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid: Adaptive, involving the ability to think logically without prior knowledge and work with pattern recognition to solve problems (Passages, Question Stems)
Crystallized: Prior Knowledge: knowledge of facts and is stable throughout adulthood
When is fluid intelligence the most prominent
Young Adulthood and then declines
What is the theory of general intelligence (G factor)?
WHO?
Intelligence exists as a single factor that applies to all aspects of life.
Coorelation Basis
Scores depend on eachother
Charles Spearman (SPEAR IS ONE WAY)
What is the theory of multiple intelligences?
WHO?
9 Cat. of intelligence: not general; everyone has different levels in different areas
Scores do not depend on each other
Howard Gardner (GARDEN HAS LOTS OF PLANTS)
What is a limitation of multiple intelliegnce theory
Difference between intelligence and ability
What is a limitation of the g factor theory
-Doesn’t define intelligence
-Only cog. and intellectual in human ability which is false
T or F IQ can contributed both nature and nurture
True
IQ can be inherited
IQ can be developed enviromentally in influences, social status, prenatal defects
Learning/Behaviourist Theory of Language Development
Language is just another behaviour that is learned by TRIAL and ERROR in early life.
OPERANT CONDITIONING:
-Say something that makes sense = parents happy and kids gets what they want
-Say something not make sense to parents = parents confused and child may not get what they want
Navist Theory of Language Development
Innate biological mechanism are responsible for language development
Who developed the Navist Theory
Noam Chomsky
What is the language acquisition device
Part of the Navist theory; innate language learning system
What did Noam Chomsky Believe was the critical period for language development?
equal or younger than 9
Interactionist Theory of Language development
Emphasizes interaction between nature and nurture
Universalism
Thought determines language completely
Piaget Language Development
When children develop ways to think, they develop the necessary language to describe thoughts
Weak Linguistic Determinism/ Lingustic Reality
Language influence the way we think
Lingustic Determinism/ Sapir-Whorfian Hypothesis
Language completely determines thought
Language is located in what part of the brain?
Left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
Broca’s Area (frontal lobe)
Speech Production
Wernicke’s Area (temporal lobe)
Speech understanding
What EEG pattern has the highest frequency and is associated with normal waking?
Beta
Beta Get to Work
What EEG Pattern has a med. Frequency and is associated with deep relaxation?
Alpha
Alphal Asleep Soon
What EEG Pattern has a Lowish Frequency and is associated with Light Sleep?
Theta
Seista/Theista
What EEG Pattern has the Lowest Frequency and is associated with Deep Sleep?
Delta
DEEP
What NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage between wakefulness and asleep and goes from Beta waves to alpha waves?
Stage 1
What NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage does muscle activity decrease and concsious awareness decreases completely
Have Sleep Spindles and K-Complexes
Theta Waves
Stage 2
What NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage is deep sleep/ delta waves
Stage 3
How does a typical sleep work in terms of stages and time?
Early = Deep Sleep (stage 3) for recovery healing and growth
Later = Light sleep and REM Sleep (stages 1,2)
What occurs during REM Sleep
Memory Consolidation
Dreaming; body is paralyzed
What is Sleep Compensation
If you miss a certain type of sleep REM or NREM your body will try to get a disproportionate amount of that kind of sleep in the future
When you are younger you need more NREM or REM
REM learning more
What is the circadian rhythm?
Balance between sleep and alert states
How does the circadian rhythm work
When awake= Prevents Melatonin
1)Light enters the eye, activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (inside hypothalamus)
2)SCN Inhibits the pineal gland from producing melatonin
3)Low Melatonin allows for wakefulness
Insomia
Problems falling asleep and low sleep quality
Sleep Terror
Night Terrors during NREM
Narcolesy
Falling asleep into REM without warning
Hypnosis and Meditation are forms of what?
Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR)
HYP: Relaxation, Focused Attention, Give up Control
MED: Intentional, self-produced state of consciousness, attention and letting go
What are the stimulants
Increases in Body’s Nervous System Activity
(Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Alertness)
Stimulated Nice Cats Cook Meth
Stimulants: Nicotine, Caffeine, Cocaine, Methamphetamines
What are the Depressants
Decrease the body’s nervous system activity.
(Decreases heart rate, blood pressure and slow rxn time)
Al, Barb and Ben are Depressed
Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
What are the Opiods
Decreases body nervous system activity highlighting: PAIN and ANXIETY.
Opinion: Her Code Feels Morbid
Opioids: Heroin Codeine, Fentanyl, Morphine
What are Hallucinogens
Sensory, perceptual, Emotional, and Cognitive Experience: Influence neurotransmitter Activity
Harrowing: Mary-Jane’s Eczema Lasted
Hallucinogens: Marijuana, Ecstasy, LSD
Which of the consciousness-altering drugs is lowest risk of addiction?
Hallucinogens
How do drugs facilitate addiction?
Reward Pathway
Release of Dopamine in the midbrain
Reward Pathway of Drugs
Dopamine causes a DESIRE to make things HAPN
Dopamine causes a DESIRE to make things HAPN
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Prefrontal Cortex
Nucleus Accumbens
CBT focuses on the relationship between what?
Thoughts and Actions used in treatment for addiction
3 Components of emotion
- Cognitive
2.Physiological
3.Behavioural
What is the emotion center of the limbic system
AMYdala: Fear and Anger
The physiological component involves what 2 systems?
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
2.Limbic System
What are the 3 parts of the limbic system?
- Amydala: Emotional for fear and anger
- Hippocampus: Emptional Memory
- Hypothalmus: Regulates emotion by reguating ANS
What does the prefrontal cortex do in terms of emotion?
Conscious regulation of emotion
James Lange Theory of Emotion
Arousal causes Emotion
-Emotion is physiologically based rxn based on external stimuli
Sweaty Palms (FR) –> Fear (SR)
Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion
Causes Both: Emotion and Physilogical reaction occur at same time
Schacter Singer Theory of Emotion
2 Stages
Arousal is the initial cause, but cognitive appraisal also defines emotion
Sweaty Palms Scare, Should I be Scared?
If Yes= Scared, If NO= Not Scared
Lazarus/Appraisal
Lazy
Emotion dictated after cognitive appraisal:
-how do you feel about this: positive emotion = positive appraised , neg emotion = neg appraised
Sweaty Palms.. What am I feeling?
Fear? Feel Fear
Excitemnet? Feel Excitment
T or F Emotions are evolutionary adaptive
True
Allow for cross-cultural communication
Negative emotions give warning signs about impending danger
Independent Stressor vs. Dependant Stressor
Independent: Independent of your action (Uni, cause of depression)
Dependant: Occur due to your own actions (Recipriol, result and cause of depresion)
Acute Stress vs. Chronic Stress
Acute: Short-term usually beneficial
Chronic: Longer and negative health outcomes
What is Selye’s general adapatation syndrome
Describes the pattern of responses people have to stressors. This means that different types of stressors are treated similarly
True or False for Simple tasks compared to Difficult stress can increase performance
True
Appraisal View of Stress
Suggests that we perform two cognitive appraisals when we decide whether to be stressed or not
Why people experience differentt levels of stress: BASED ON INDV. VIEWS
Primary appraisal
Conducted to determine if we are really facing a threat
Secondary Appraisal
How we believe we can handle the threat (if present)
What are the 2 stress hormones
Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline
Cortisol
When stressed muscles work faster or slower?
Faster, except those related to rest
Mens phyilogical response to stress
Flight or Fight
Womens phys response to stress
Tend and Befriend
What are 2 thing known to help reduce stress
Exercise
Spirituality
Hawthorne Effect
Specific influence on the frontstage self: it describes the tendency to change your behaviour because you’re being observed
Groupthink
Try to foster group harmony, by agreeing near-entirely with one another despite having differing opinions
GROUP AVERAGE = NEUTRAL
Group Polarization
The attitude of the group becomes more extreme than the initial attitudes of its individuals
GROUP AVERAGE = EXTREME
Peer Pressure
Instead of a group, INDIVIDUAL PEERSexert a powerful influence upon others, encouraging them to act a certain way
Social Facilitation
When others facilitate or optimize individual performance
Diffusion of Responsibility
Individuals operating in a group take less individual responsibility for a given task
Bystander Effect
Type of Diffusion of Responsibility
-People watching a crisis unfold do not act, as they assume someone else will step in
Social Loafing
Type of Diffusion of Responsibility
-Member of a group decreases their output because they feel others will compensate for it
Deindiviuation
Negative consequence of social exposure where people loose awareness of their individual identity and thought process
CULTS
Role Strain
When the same role experiences conflicting demands
-A parent does not wish to discipline their child because they only want to see their child happy
Role Conflict
When somebody has multiple roles in a group, and those roles have difference goals
-Boss need to fire employee, but boss and employee are siblings
Sanctions
Punishments and Rewards for socializations/social norms
Operant conditioning for socialization
Folkways
Informal norms usually on a smaller scale and not related to morality
(eating quietly in Western Cultures)
Mores
Norms of Morality and can be formal or informal
Dressing formally at a funeral: Informal
Not Killing Somebody: Formal
Conformity vs Obedience
C: Tendency to adapt one’s behaviour to suit expected social norms
(SOCIALLY CONDITIONED)
O: Adaptation of behaviour to suit somebody else but in response to being commanded by authority figure
(AUTHORITY FIGURE)
Agents of Socialization
People and social institutions whose influence can modify our behaviour
Devciance
Diverging too dramatically from social norms
-Labeled Negatively and Stigmatized
Multiculturalism v. Melting Pot
Multi: Coexistence of cultures
Melting: Assimilate completely
WHat the the general adapation syndome
How somebody responds to long term stress:
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Most of the brains processing is done where?
Cerebral Cortex
-Frontal Lobe
-Parietal Lobe
-Occipital Lobe
-Temporal Lobe
What 3 things is the Frontal Lobe Responsible for?
1) Motor Control
2)Decision Making
3)Long-Term Memory Storage
(executive function)
What 2 things is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Somatosensory and Sensorimotor Info
(touch, pain and temp. –> Somatosenosry Cortex)
What is the temporal Lobe Responsible for?
Music at Bar
-Hearing
-Processes Lang.
-Emotion
-Olfactory
How is the Limbic system influenced by the prefrontal cortex?
Prefrontal cortex controls emotional control
Emotional Control influences limbic system
Limbic system effects memory
T or F the limbic system effect the hippocampus?
True
How is information distrubuted in cerebral cortex?
Back half receives sensory info
Sends it to front half
Front half sends to rest of body
How are the two sides of the brain connnected?
Corpus Callosum
The brain controls what sides of the body?
Opposite Side
For visual stimuli where is the info processed?
Opposite Side of where it is from the viewers perspective
-Hits Left side of Eye = Right Processed
-Hits Right Side of Eye (either L or R) =Left Processed
If visual stimuli is in the middle what happens/where is it processed?
Both sides: light hits the outer side of each eye
Left Eye= Hits left side=RP
Right Eye =Hits Right Side =LP
What does fMRI measure?
Brain activity via blood flow
-How much activity is present in different parts of the brain.
CT scans
Use X-Rays to assess injuries, aneurysms, strokes or tumors
Hard Things
MRI Scans
Use magnetic fields and radio waves
Better soft tissues contrast than CT scans
PET
Scans using mildly radioactive chemicals to monitor flow and metabolic activity
EEG
Brain Waves
How can the environment influence gene expression?
Regulatory Genes
Change the expression of other genes in response to enviroment
What is epigentics?
Molecular changes to genome, change in gene expression in response to enviroment
T or F biology alone answer is often right?
False
MCAT favours biopsychosocial mofel
Monozygotic Twins shows?
Biological
Dizygotic Twins Show?
Enviroment
What is wrong with twin studies
Mono twins are treated more similar (cuz they look alike), so the enviroment places a significant role when it is the role of biology that is the focus
Personality
The collection of internal characteristics or qualities of a person that determine their patterns of thinking feeling and behaviour
Identity
Ones internal view of themselve
Psychological Disorder
Conditions influenced by biology, sociology, and psychology that differ from culture to culture, and which represent divergences from what is expected of psychologically normal development and behaviour
Trait theory of personality
People’s personalities consist of sets of traits that vary from person to person
Personality remains consistent over time.
Big 5 personality traits:
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
What is Neuroticism?
Emotional Volatility
High Scores: Worried, Temperamental, Self Conscious, Emotional
Low Scores: Calm, Even-Tempered, Comfortable, Unemotional
High Risk of mental illness and decreased exercise
What is the biological theory of personality?
Personality is a product of our biology
What is the psychoanalytic theory of personality
Sigmund Freud
Personality is divided into 3 parts: Id, Ego and Super Ego
Id
The id is the most primitive part of our psyche: It seeks instant gratification and pain avoidance, disregards social norms, and is innate (or biologically based)
I WANT CHOCOLATE
Superego
Acquired via interactions with others.
Our conscience or little voice in our mind telling us how we should behave properly
YOU’RE ON A DIET
EGO
Balance the demands of the ID and Superego
Behaviourist theory of personality
One is not born with a complete personality rather one’s personality develops over time.
Experiments with behaviours to see which are appropriate (feedback from environment)
Behaviour effects personality, which effects behaviour
What is the situational approach to personality
Any model which says that people’s behaviour remains “the same” over time is flawed.
Behaviour depends on external circumstances and changes situationally (not internal)
Social Cognitive Theory of Personality
One can consciously choose certain behaviours which constitute a individuals personality
We decide which behaviours to engage in via observational learning
Humanistic Approach to Personality
Individual personality is optimal when that person:
-Real Self
-Ideal Self
-Perceived Self
all overlap.
When they do not overlap people are unhappy
Changing and Conscious decisions define personality
Who made the humanistic theory of personality
Carl Rogers
What is motivation
Directional forces that compels us to perform certain behaviours
What are the 4 things we are motivated by
1)Needs
2)Instincts
3)Arousal
4)Drive
Needs
Psychological or Physical
Instincts
Innate tendencies to perform a certain behaviour can sometimes be the resutls of needs
Arousal
Psychological or Physical Tension
Creates a drive which is an urge to perform a behaviour that will resolve arousal
Drives
Restore Homeostasis, and thus many use negative feedback systems
Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation is primarily caused by the need to resolve internal, physiological arousal
Incentive Theory
States that people are motivated by external awards
Cognitive Theories
People behave based on social expectations and are motivated to perform actions with the most favourable outcomes
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation influence
True or False if we focus too much on a extrinsic motivation we loose intrinsic motivation
True
Too much of one reduces the other
Need-based theories
Suggest that motivation is geared at fulfilling needs
Who made heirachy of needs?
Abraham Maslow
What are the heirchy of needs> x5
People Stop Buying Extra Stuff
Bottom to Top
Physiological
Safety
Belonging/Love
Esteem
Actualization
What are the 3 components of attitude
1)Affective Component
-A person’s feelings about an object, individual, or idea
2)Behavioural Component
-Influence these feelings have on behaviour
3)Cognitive Component
-Invdiudals belief and knowledge about the object
Foot-In-Door Phenomenon
People are more likely to agree to a large favour if they agree to a smaller one first
Role-Playing
Set of norms that a person initially does not identify with gradually become a part of his attitude through repeated behaviour
Cognitive Dissonance
Discrepancy between an individual behaviour and their attitude.
People will change their attitude, behaviour, and perception in response to minimize dissonance
Mere Exposure Effect
Tendency to appreciate things that we have frequent exposure to
Door In the Face
Huge ask knowing it will be declined, followed by a medium ask
Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)
We use two possible kinds of thought processes when evaluating persuasive information .
-Peripheral Route Processessing
-Central route Processing
Which route is used is determined by a person’s ability and motivation in relation to message.
Peripheral Route Processing
An individual does not think deeply when evaluating new information (often uses heuristics)
Low ability and/or motivation to focus
Central Route Processing
Does think deeply about the new information used when an individual has high ability and/or motivation to focus
Distractions lead to what type of processsing
Peripheral
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Predict the Behaviour of an Individual at a given time in a specific situation
Predicting behaviour is intention
Theory of Planned Behaviour only applies to
Behaviours in one can exert self control
The theory of planned bevahour is based on intention (likelihood of person performing behaviour) intention is influenced by which 3 things?
1)Behavioural Attitude
2)Subjective Norms (what others think)
3)Perceived Behavioural Ctrl
What is the Prototype Willingness Model
Our resulting behaviour is a combo of 6 factors
1)Past Behaviour
2)Attitudes
3)Subjective Norms
4)Our Intentions
5)Willingness
6)Models/Prototyping (Modelling on others)
A psychological disorder are defined as requiring what 2 things
1)Abnormality
2)Detrimental to Indvidual
-Not well defined
Conversion Disorders
Describe nervous system symptom that cannot be explained by medical evaluation
True or False culture helps define mental ilnness
true
Somatoform Symptom
15% prevalence
Biological and Psychological Symptoms
Anxiety Disorders
20% prevalence
Increased fear and anxiety in turn produce emotional and phys responses
Schizophrenia
1% prevelance
-Biochemical brain disorder involving person’s ability o interpret and perceive reality
What 3 symptoms do people with schizophrenia exhibit
1)Hallucinations
2)Delusions
3)Disorganized Speech
Positive Symptoms
Add problems
Negative Symptoms
Remove/Absence of traits
T or F schizophrenia is soley bio with increased dop. and brain atrphy
False has enviro influence
Which is the biochemical correlated with schizophrenia
Increased Dopamine and brain volume reduction
(often different from other disorders)
Mood Disorder Prevlance and types
20%
Depression (low mood)
Mania (high mood)
What is the monoamine hypothesis for depression
Monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency
(Serotonin, Norepinephrine/Noradreline/Dopamine)
How to treat depression based on monoamine hypothesis x3
Monoamine Antagonist (can go thru barrier, act similar too another substance stimulating response)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Inhibit breakdown of of monoamine neurotransmiters
Monamine reuptake inhibtors: Block the reuptake (removal and recycling) of monoamines preventing deactivation of molecules
What is the HPA axis hypothesis to depression
Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH), causing ant. pitutary to release ACTH, which causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol
Incrreased Cortisol and CRH are associated with depression
Bipolar Disorder
Fluctuantions btwn depressed and abnormally elevated moods
(major depression to mania)
NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD
Dissociative Disorders
10% prevelnce
Discordance between different mental functions
Derpresonalization/Derealization
Feeling that one’s surroundings or self are not real or disconnected from individual
Disccoative Amnesia
Caused by a traumatic event, it involves forgetting about sig. past events
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Multiple Personality Disorder
Expression of muktiple disscoative persoanlities
Not well understood, evidence is unclear and conflicting
Personality Disorder
10% prevelance
Life-Disruptive aspect of persoanlity for indvidual
SOmething is dialed up to 11 (1-10)
What type of learning is associated with conditioning?
Associative
Classical Conditioning
A neutral Stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that already evokes an unconditioned response
Bell initially does not lead to any response from dog so it is a neutral stimulus
-But if rang when the food is served dog learns that bell is associated with food= salivation response
The process of learning a conditioned response is called?
Acquisition
True or False Learned Behaviours are permanent
False
Disappears Temp: Spont. Recovery
Disappears Perm: Exintiction
Stimulus Generalization
Non-identical stimuli lead to the same response,
Stimulus Descrimination
Two stimuli are distinguishable. with one but not the other leading to a response
Reinforcement causes what
Behaviour to be Repeated
Punishment causes what
Behaviour to be removed
Negative in operant conditioning means
Removal of something
Positive in operant conditioning mean
Addition of something
Primary Reinforcers
Exploit basic needs
Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers
Exploit conditioned needs (money and good grades)
Escape Conditioning
Learning to escape an unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance Conditioning
Learning to avoid an unpleasant stimulus by learning how to behave in response to a warning sign
True or False Reinforced learning is more effective than punishment?
True
Fixed is better for what
Faster Learning
Variable is better for what
Slower extinction
Ratio
After a certain number of something
Interval
After a certain interval such as time
Fixed-Ratio
Rewards are provided after a certain number of correct responses
Fast Response, Medium Extinction
Reward every 5 pages
Variable-Ratio
Rewards are provided after a random number of correct responses
(fast response, slow extinction)
Reward every 2-8 pages
Fixed Interval
Reward to a response are provided after a certain number of time has passed
(medium responses, medium extinction)
Reward after 5 minute
Variable Interval
Rewards to a response is provided after a random amount of time has passed
(fast response, slow extinction)
Reward 2-8 Minutes
Shaping
Moulding the current behaviour into a desired behaviour by providing rewards/punishments for success approx.
For complex behaviours
Innate Behaviours
Inborn and Difficult to modify
Conditioned Behaviours
Learned and can be modifed
Non-Associative Learning
When a subject changes its response to a stimuli without association with a positive or negative reinforcement
Instincutual Drift
Learned behaviour begins to revert back to perform more instinctual behaviours
Even if giving punsihment
Non-Associative Learning
Habitutation
Subject stops responding to a repeatedly presented stimulus
Non-Associative Learning
Dishabituation
When the subject starts responding to repetitive stimulus again
Non-Associative Learning
Senisitization
Increase in the probability of that behaviour appropriate to a repeatedly presented stimulus will occur
Non-Associative Learning
Conditioned or Observational Learning requires a higher level of cognitive functioning?
Observational Learning
Must see a similiarty between ourselves and others
Obsrvational Learning
Modelling and mimicking behaviour
What does observational learning require?
Mirror Neurons
-Specialed nerve cells that fire bot when a person is completing a action and when a person is watching someone else engage in that action)
Vicarious Emotion
-Stong emotion felt for someone else’s epxerience as though it is our own.
Modelling vs Mimicking
Modelling is watching models
Mimmicking, emulating behaviour or not based on outcome
Identity
Comprised of the internal characteristics that make up how we see ourselves
Personality vs Identity
Personality: Internal charc. that make up our behaviours
Identity: Internal charc. that make up how we see oursleves
Personality is ______
Identity is ______
Fluid/Stable
Persoanlity is stable
Identity s fluid
3 Attributes of self-identity
- Self-Knowledge
- Self Esteem
- Social Identity
Self Knowledge
What am I like?
-Schema or mental model of onself
Self- Esteem
Value judgment of ones self
Social Identity
Ones perception of one’s role in social groups and society
How does identity formation occur?
Mimicking: Observational Learning
Role-Taking: Comparison, adopt roles of others
Reference Groups: Social circles they are around, what is determined right and wrong
Internal Locus of Control
They have complete control over their behaviour and outcomes
External Locus of Control
Believes that luck, fate annd chance anf other external phenomena completely control their behaviour and ouctomes
Looking Glass Self
WHAT AND WHO
Charles Cooley
-Social Identity
-One’s sense of self and self-concept develops based on your perceptions and how others see you
Social Behaviourism
WHAT and WHO
MEAD
Mind and Self emerge through the process of communicating with others
3 Stages of Social Behaviourism
Preparatory Stage
Play Stage
Game Stage
Preparatory Stage
All interaction happens through imitation, focus on communication.
Learn
Begins at Infancy
Play stage
People are more aware of social relationships.
Role-Playing
See and Undertsanding, Reward and Punishment
Children are cognitvely able to assyme perspectives of other and act on perception
Game Stage
People start to understand that there are attitueds, beleifs, behaviours, and notion not of their own but of teh gernalized other (society)
How society expects us to behaviour influences our behaviour
What does “I present Me” mean
me: Conformining to society standards
I: Nonconforming part of ones identity, and thinks what is best for itself
Actual Self
Between Me and I
Me; is only determined based on sig others not entire society
Freuds Theory of Developmental Stages x5
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
4.Latent
5.Genital
Oral Stage
Age 0-1
Interested in oral processes and fixation on the mouth
Trust and Delayed Graticiatuon
EGO Develops
Anal Stage
Age 1-3
Control of own bowel movemnts
Develop Self Conrtol
Phallic Stage
Age 3-6
Children explore sexual urges by identifying with the same-sex parent and focus sexual impulses on the opposite parent (compete with same-sex parent)
As they internalize society’s rules, the superego forms
MASTURBATION
What freud development stage does superego form?
Phallic Stage
Latent period
Ages 6-12
General development occurs, little of not sexual motivation
Genital Stage
AGEs 12+
Sexual Urges and Adult Sexuaity
What freud developemtal stage does the ego develop?
ORAL
What is Fixation
Being unable to move onto next stage
Inadequate Satisfcation
Eric Erikons Psychosocial stages
Interaction between the indvidual and society
Faced with a social crisis, if not solved fixation occurs
EE trust and mistrust
Age and Outcome
Age: 1
Positive O: HOPE
Negative O: FEAR
EE Autonomy vs. Doubt
Age and Ouctome
Age: 2
Positive O: Will
Negative O: Shame
EE Initiative vs. Guilt
Age: 3-5
Positive O: Purpose
Negative O: Inadequacy
EE Industry vs. Inferiority
Age: 6-12
Positive O: Competence
Negative O: Inferiority
EE Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age: 12-18 HIGH SCHOOL
Positive O: Fidelity
Negative O: Rebellion
EE Intimacy vs. Isoation
Age: 18-40
Positive O: LOVE
Negative O: ISOLATION
EE Generativity vs. Stagnation
AGE: 40-65
Positive O: Care for Others
Negative O: Unproductive
EE Intergity vs. Dispare
Age: 65+
Positive O: Wisdom
Negative O: Dissastification
Identity Diffusion
Worst case of stage 5 EE
No snese of idenity and no motiation to explore identity builidng
Identity Moratorium
Trying to develop a set of values
First Step
Best case Scenario of stage 5 EE
Identity Achievements
commit to identity an continues exploring within and around it
Identity Foreclosure
Combo of identities around them
Not settled on their own and have stopped exploring
Stages 2-4 of EE focus on
Ones personal attributes
Stages 5-6 of EE focus on
Ones role in society
Thomas Theory
If smth is pervieved to be real, it can be real in its effects
Lev Vygosty Theory of Development
Development is influences by social and cultural factors
Continous Theory , growth is gradual
Progress in in psycho development is made via what for Lev Vygotsky theory
Zone of Proximal Development
A diffculty level impossible form someone by themselves but can be possibke with help
Gets bigger as we learn more tasks, thing that were impossible beocme possible.
Kohbergs theory of moral development
Sequence of stages of moral reasoning
3 Levels of Kohbergs theory of moral development
- Preconvential Morality
- Convential Mortality
3.Postconventual Mortity
Preconvential Mortality
Morality is formed by seeking reward and avoiding punishment
Convential Morality
Morality is mediated by social factors
-Avoding social disaaproval
-Following Rules
Most ppl here
Postconvential Mortality
Guided by universal ethics and well defined moral ideas
-Following social contract
-Folloiwng a system on universal ethics
Attribution theory
How do we assign causes to other people’s behaviour
We try to assign causes to others behaviour to get a better understanding of others and how we should respond
Dispositional Attribution
Internal cause attributed for behaviour
Person is responsible
Situation Attribution
External cause attributed for behaviour
person is not responsibe
Actor Observer Bias
Attribute our own actions to situation causes and other actions to dispositional causes
Layers for our actions, and judges for others
Fundamental Attribution Error
In Indvidualistic cultures people favour disposition over situational
Error cuz often all situational, people lack/incomplete info about others situations
Self-Serving Bias
A type of error thinking about our own behaviour
-Success to internal
-Failures due to external
Just-World Belief
World is fair and situational factors are insignicant
Behaviours are dispotionally attributed
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own cultural group is the most important and is the reference by which all others should be judged
Cultural Relativism
Members of another culture should be judged by their culture (not some witness’s culture)
Within the culture, cuz a outsuders perspective will not be a good judgment cuz all seems different
Bias (ingroup) leads to what
Prejudice
Stereotypes
Generalized beliefs concerning groups of other people
Positive, Neg, NEutral
Stereotype Threat
Worrying to fulfil a certain stereotype because it is associated with your in-group
Stereotype Boost
Better cuz of stereotype
Macrosociology
Social Interactions that affect large portions of our population
Functionalism
All parts of a healthy society work in unison
Macrosociology
Manifest Functions
Intended functions of insitutions
Latent Functions
Unintended (secondary) functions of institutions
Conflict Theory
Groups act according to their own self-interests in competition with each other over scarace resources
Society evolves to suit the intrests of dominant groups because they have resources, resulting in conflict btwn grups
Macrosociology
Capitalism
Social Constructs
Ideas about the world , humans make their own realities
Macrosociology
Absolute Social Constructs
All reality is created, that even bjective natural phenomena have no meaning without humans to experience them
Moderate Social Constructs
Part of reality exists outside of humanity (brute facts), but some only exist because of society (institutional facts)
Feminism
Macroperspective specifically about female experience
Gender Inequality
Second Shift
Macrosociology
Microsociology
Scale Social Interaction between indviduas or small groups
Indvidual interactions must be intepreted to determine their affect on larger groups of a society
Symbolic Ineractionism
Microsociology
Small groups of a shared understanding of symbols (concepts, terms, ideas)
Rational Choice Theory
Macro and Micro Social
People do their best to make the bests decisions given a particular situations
Social Exchange Theory
Macro and Micro Social
People Consider the maintenance of relationships rationally
Macro Theories x4
1)Functionalism
2)Social Constructionism
3)Conflict Theory
4)Feminism
True or False Conflict theory is the only one that states that conflict and competition are neccessary to societal function
True
How does culture create societak norms
Catch All
Helps establish social norms
Anomie
A state where individuals feel alienated by rapidly changing social norms (feeling left behind)
Material Culture
Refers to obects involved in clture
Non-material culture
Ideas and practices affiliated with a certain way of life
3 Elements of culture unqiue to our species
Technology
Language
Symbolic Culture
CULTURE IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCT
Social Institutions
Society is divided into several different parts that work together to make it run
Anarchy
Rule of NONE
Absence of Gov. or lack of central rule
Monarchy
Gov. rulled by a hereditary head of state
POWER RANGES:
1)Purely Symbolic
2)Fully Autocratic
Oligarchy
Rule of Few
Power rests with a small number of people
Democracy
Rule of the People
Captalism
Goods and Services are privatey owned
Socialism
Goods and Services are owned and allocated by the govenrment
Bureaucracy
Processes used for guidence
How gov. and business operate
McDonaldization: Value efficieny, countability, predicatiblity and control
Meritocracies
Advancement of a indvidual is based on soley their abilities and achievements
Monotheistic
Religion wth 1 deity
Polytheistic
Religion with multiple deities
Secularization
The transformation from religious to non-religious insitutions
Churches
More tolerant groups that allow members to joining but also have membership by birth , can be connected to state in state-church structure
Cults
Religious organiations far out and keep to self
Sects
Smaller subdivisions of larger religions that are disntinct is some aspect of their belief
Patriachies
Men have more power in family
Social Epidemilogy
The effects pf social-structural factors on health
Sick Role
Typical role one takes when they are sick
-desire to recover and seek help
-exempt from normal responsibility
-exemption from resposibikity from being ill
Illness Experience
Experience of being ill
Race vs, Ethincity
Usually viewed as same on MCAT
-RACE= Physical
-Ethnicity = Cultural Expression
Sexual Orientation
Sex/gender one is romantically/sexually attracted to
Crude Birth Rate
Annual number of live births per 1000 people
Fertility
Number of offspring (usually) per woman
General Feritility Rate
Annual number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age
Crude Death Rate/ Morality Rate
Annual number of deaths per 1000 people
Morbidity
The state of having a disease or medical condition
Disease Incidence
The number of new cases of that disease
Prevlance
The number of present cases of that disease per population
Replacement Level Fertility
The number of children that a couple must have to replace the number of people dying in the population
(2.1 OECD, 2.3 worldwide)
Migration Rate
Immigration Rate minus Emmigration Rate per 1000 People
Demographic Transition Model
population changes that occur as nations develop
AGING POP
Dependancy Ratio
Ratio of dependants (under 15 and ovegr 65
0 to non-dependants
Malthusain Therorm
Running out of resources will force a negative growth towards a lower stable population
1)High Stationary
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Population
BR: HIGH
DR: HIGH
Population: LOWEST
2)EARLY EXPANDING
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Population
BR: HIGH
DR: DECLINES
POP: INCREASE
3)LATE EXPANDING
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Population
BR: Decreased
DR: LOW
POP: INCREASED
4)Low Stationary
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Population
BR:LOWEST
DR: LOW (CONSTANT)
POP: HIGHEST
4 Demographic Theories
1)Activity
2)Disengagement Theory
3)Continituity
4)Life Course Perspective
Activity Theory
Examines ways in which those of older generations look at themselves
In healthy societies aging adults remain active and maintain social connectons
Disengagement Theory
Older adults and society diverge
-Assumes people become more self-absorbed as they age
-Allows for self reflection
Downfall of Disengagement Theory
Considers eldery people still involved in society are not adjusting well which is wrong
Continuity Theory
People try to mainatain the same basic structure throughout their lives as they age
Life Course Perspective
Considers the entire life course in a multidisciplinary way
Social Movements
When groups of people come together with the goal of causing lasting change in societies
Proactive/Progressive/Activists Movements goal
Aim to create social change
Reactive/Regressive movements goal
Reactive: Resist
Regressive: Restore
What 2 theories explain social movements
1)Relative Deprivation Theory
2)Rational Choice Theory
Relative Deprivation Theory
PROTEST
One group is deprived relative to another
Requires relative deprivation, deserving better and no solution theory existing methods
Rational Choice Theory
People Rationally consider options
DEBATE
What is a primary group
Small and close-knit
(family, close friends)
What is a secondary grup
People related by purpose
Dyads versus Triads
Dyads = 2 people and intense
Triads = 3 People more stable (mediator)
Complex social behaviour involves what 2 things?
1)Emotion Expression
2)Emotion Detections
Influences by gender, culture and group
Dramaturgical Approach
Theory of impression management
Front Stage Self
Display infront of a distant audience (not as comfortable)
Backstage Self
Reveal infront of familar audience
Altruism
Humans and animals exhibit self-sacrificial attitudes to enance the fitness of other individuals or groups
Inclusive Fitness
Altruism in support of kin or family
KIN ALTRUISM or KIN SELCTION
Reciprocal Altruism
Which an individual is more likely to act altruistically if tey believe the favour will be returned, mutual beneficially exchange
Social Support
Assisting others in optimising their lives, the perception that one is cared for and taken care of
Social Stratification
The categorization of people based on socioeconomic status
Discrimination
When certain demographic groups are treated differnetly in a manner which denies their social partcipation and/or human right
Spatial Inequality
Having unequal access to resources
Lack of Enviromental Justice
Unequal relief from health and enviromental hazards (smog)
Residential Segregation
Different demographic groups live in different neighbourhoods from one another
Leads to differential access to resources and qukity of life
Global Inequality
People living in different nations or regions have unequal access to resources or quality of life
Globalization
Integration and connection of many different worldly areas as telecommunication advamces
Gentrification
When poor, urban area changes (more $$) as wealthy people move in pushing out OG residents
Urban Renewal
Poor, urban area changes but doesn’t push people out usually due to gov. intervention
Social Class
Ranks people based on their status and power
Prestige versus Privilege
Related to social class
Privilege: Having advantage in social situations
Pristage: Respect given to you by society
What are the 2 ways SES can be achieved?
1)Achieved Over Time
2)Ascribed (derived from demographic and innate characteristics)
Moving up or down a class in a class system (upper middle lower) is called
Vertical Mobility
Intragenerational Mobility
Moving through a class system within ones own lifetime
Intergenerational Mobility
Moving through a class system within a family legacy
Horizontal Mobiity
Individual moves within the same class rather than up and down
Caste systems
Class but more rigid, hard/impossible to change
What may help one acheive vertical mobility x3
1)Cultural Capital
-What you know
2)Social Capital
-Who you know
3)Material Assets
Absolute Poverty versus Relative Poverty
Absolute is lack of basic necessities
Relative is having fewer resources than a reference group
Social Exclusion and Isolation can occur due to what?
Poverty
Social Reprdocution
Social inequality being passed down through generations
Intersectionality
Individuals experiences may not necessarily be the sum of their demographics
Different enviroments = Different Consequences
A black lesbian may have have a different set of experiences that one person who is black and one person who is lesbian in the same environment.
Black and Straight
White and Lesibian
Etc.
