Physics + Math Flashcards
Relationship between Mass(Inertia) and Acceleration
Inverse
Force of Gravity Equation
Fg = Gravitational Constant x M1M2(masses of two objects) / r^2 (distance between the centers of gravity of the objects)
Final Velocity Equation
V=Vo +at
Change is Displacement Not Acceleration Equation
X- Xo= ((Vo+V)/2) x t
Change is Displacement Equation with Acceleration **
X-Xo = Vot +0.5at^2
Can also use final speed if inital is not known
Velocity Equation no Time
V^2 = V^2o +2a(X-Xo)
Reaching Max Height Means
Vy = O
Short cut for calculating freefall from rest VFinal
Vfreefall from rest = Roots (2gh)
Projectile Motion Horizontal Velocity Equation
Vox = VoCOS 0
Projectile Motion Horizontal Velocity Equation
Voy = VoSIN 0
Kinetic Energy Inreases with what
Speed
Y direction symmetrical means
Up = DOwn
X direction symmetrical means
Left =Right
Potential Energy Increases with
Height
Weight on a Slope components equations
Sin = mgsin0 (horizontal/sliding)
Cos = mgcos) (vertical/crush)
Normal Force/Apparent Weight is where two objects touch is _____ to the surface
Perpendicular to the source
Push is a normal force
Tension is the _______ everywhere in a rope
The same
Only look at one side to find calculations
Pull + Tension = Sum of Forces (usually 0)
What is normal force
The force exerted by supporting surface on an object
Static Frictions Equation
Fs < usFn
Kinetic Friction Equation
Fk = ukFn
Air Resistances increases with
Velocity
depends with SA, Increases
What is Elastic Force/Hookes Law Equation
Fs = -K (Change is X)
or Fs= absolute value [KX]
k = Spring constant
X=Change in length of spring
(Positive = Stretched longer)
(Neg. = Stretched Shorter)
Minus sign is restoring force, opposes change in length (pulling out =when squished) (pushing in = when stretched)
when velocity has a force applied to it increases or decreases (depending on force direction) how?
Linerarly (if force is constant, if not constant it increases exponetial) (Constant Acc versus Changong Acc)
No force = Constant
Max torque is at what angle
90 (sin 90 =1)
Perpendicular
Min torque is at what angle
0 (sin 0 = 0)
Slide Against
Increasing the radius, increases or decrease torque
Increases F which Increases Torque
Decreasing the radius increases or decreases torque
Decreases F which Decreases Torque
What is the radius in torque
Distance from force to pivot point
Counter Clockwise is +/-
+
Way force torque around the pivot
Clockwise is + or -
-
Way force torque around the pivot
What is translation equilibrium
Where the total external force on an object is zero
-It will be at a constant velocity, which can include zero (not moving)
What is rotational equilibrium?
When the total torque on an object is zero. It is rotating at a constant angular velocity, which can include 0 (not rotating)
-Zero Torque or Torque is Balanced
Dynamic Equilibrium
Object is moving with a constant velocity
Static Equilibrium
The object is not moving
Both translational equilibrium and rotational equilibrium have what equilibriums?
Dynamic and Static
Solving for equilibrium steps?
1)Solve for Translational Solve UNKNOWN Force
2)Solve Rotational Second: Solve unknown distance to pivot
The force at the pivot point is what?
Zero cuz R=0
So no torque at that site
The weight is located where and have doesn’t have torque?
Weight is located COM
Has torque (usually negative Clockwise)
True or False work and Energy are the same
True
Work moves energy
Energy is the ability to do work
Max work occurs at what angle?
0 degrees (1) (pushing/horizontal)
Min work occurs at what angle?
90 Degrees (0) (perpendicular)
Name 2 things that do not dow work?
1)Sitting on a box
2)Uniform circular motion/Centriple Force
WHY:
(Force and Direction are perpendicular)
(Cos 90 =0)
Positive work add or removes energy from system?
ADD
Negative work add or removes energy from system
Removes
Force and Distance in the same direction is positive or negative work
Positive
Force and Distance in opposite direction is negative or positive work?
Negative
What are the 2 forms of energy
Mechanical
Non-Mechanical
Mechanical Energy two types
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
What are 4 things that have the potential energy?
1)Gravitational PE (an object being held hight)
2)Elastic PE (spring being squeezed)
3)Chemical Gradient
4)Electrical Field
Why does electricity have PE
Like charges repel and opposite charges attract
Therefore have potential to move which is KE
Total mech energy is equal to?
Potential + Mechanical Energy
Total Energy is equal to
Total Mech + Total Non-Mech
What is a system
What we’re interested; a moving ball, a person, a car
What is a open system
Can exchange energy (work) and matter with its surroundings
-Open pot boiling water on stove in kitchen
What is a closed system
Exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings
-Pot of boiling water covered with lid on a stove in kitchen
-Coffe Cup Calorimeter
What is a isolated system
Can’t Exchange energy or matter with its surroundings (not possible)
-Calorimeter (bomb)
-Well Insulated
What are the 3 conservative forces?
GEE
Gravity
Elastic
Electric Force
T/F Conservative Forces are path independant
TRUE: They don’t care what path you take; they only care about initial and final positions
Fall Asleep
T or F Non-Conservative Forces are path dependant?
True can change the total energy
2 Types of Non-Conservative Forces
1)Friction
2)Applied Forces (pushing on something, pulling on it with a rope)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy Before + Work Done by Non-Cons. Forces = Energy After
ME1 (PE) + FD = ME2 (PE)
Work Done by Non-Cons forces is calculated by?
W=Fd
What is Power
Rate at what work is done
WORK/ENERGY Per Second
KEY WORD IS RATE
WATTS
What is Thermodynamics
Transfer of Heat
Positive Heat means
Adding heat energy to the system
Negative Heat means
Removing heat energy from the system
Thermally isolated
System cannot exchange heat
(not taking heat into account)
E=W
Total energy can be changed by what 2 things
1)Doing Work
2)Exchanging Heat
Why do we use simple machines?
Same amount of work, smaller amount of force
In simple machines, we decrease the amount of force needed by ______ the lentgh
Increasing Length
W=FD work remains the same
Lin is
The distance from the applied force to the pivot
Lout is
The distance from the output force (what is being moved in lever) to pivot
Spools are what type of simple machine
Lever
-2 ropes
-2 Separate ropes applying 2 separate forces at two separate points around a pivot
Compound Machines
Multiple the indvodual MA togetehr to get total MA of system
density of water x4
1000kg/m3
1kg/L
1g/cm3
1g/cc
Pressure atm
1x10^5 Pas = 100kPa =1atm
What is pressure in a vaccum?
0Pa
What is absolute pressure?
The actual pressure
What is guage pressure
Absolute pressure minus atm pressure
What happens if the gauge pressure positive?
Pressure is greater than ATM
What happens if the gauge pressure is negative?
Pressure is less than ATM
Pressure only depends on what?
Depth
doesn’t matter shape
Hydrostatic pressure increase with what variable?
Depth
Any where 2 fluids are touching the pressure must of the two fluids must the same or different?
Same
If a fluid is touching the atm such as in a open container, the pressure of that fluid is ?
Equal too the pressure of the atm
The pressure of a sealed container can be?
Anything
T or F the pressure is the same at the SAME DEPTH everywhere in the fluid?
T
The buoyant force equals
The weight of the fluid displaced by the object
SG less than 1
Less dense than water = floats
SG greater than 1
More dense than water = sinks
SG is equal to 1
As dense as water = submerged and still
Loss of Apparent Weight means
Apparent weight is normal force, so buoyant force is reducing by pushing it upwards/
When the density of an object is greater than density of fluid the object
SINK
When the density of an object is equal to the density of fluid the object
Stays in place but submerged
When the density of an object is less than density of fluid the object
Float
The buoyant force will push up, and the object will be submerged; resulting in decreasing buoyant force
Occurs until buoyant force = weight of object = equilibrium.
3 characteristics of ideal fluids?
1: No Viscosity: Do not feel friction
2: Incompressible: Density does not change.
3: Flows in Streamlines: Constant paths which do not change over time (do not show tuburnance)
Area increases what happens to pressure and velocity
Decreased Velocity
Increased Pressure
Area decreases what happens to pressure and velocity
Increased Velocity
Decreased Pressure
The greatest pressure occurs when a fluid is
Stopped
What is Efflux Velocity
When a small leak from the side of a large, open-topped container the speed of the leaking fluid is called the efflux velocity
a higher random trans motion means
Fluid is at rest
As a horizontal tube gets narrower what happens to velocity and pressure according to Bernoulli’s equation
Increased Velocity
Decreased Pressure
What is the venturi effect
Brenoulli’s equation applied to wind speeds Increase A= D V, I P
In places with increased A= Pressure Increases pushing fluid in U tube down, causing H to increase on oppositr side
Height distance is equal to speed of air
3 Qualities of Real Fluids
1) Viscosity
2) Compressible
3)Turbulance
Real fluids flow more or less than ideal
Less
What is needed to drive a real fluid from one point into another?
a pressure difference
Relationship between flowrate (Q) and radius
Q is proportional to R
Double radius = increase Q by 16
Half radius = decrease Q by 16
Take number # you increase/decrease R by and put it to power of 4
What causes surface tension
Intermolecular Forces
Why does surface tension occur
Molecules are attracted to each other in every direction:
Under Water: Forces cancel out
At surface: not in every direction so not all forces cancel. Makes liquid want to pull itself in (GIVE IN)
What happens when adhesive forces are stronger than cohesive forces
Fluid climbs edges of container
What happens when cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive forces
Fluid curves down huddling to itself rather than conatiner
Water is adhesive or cohesive, sticks up or down
Adhesive, sticks down
Mercury is adhesive or cohesive, ticks up or down?
Cohesive, sticks up
If a charged insulator and neutral insulator touch what happens?
The charge cannot flow, but some of the charge will be scrapped off by friction.
ie: charging a ballon with friction (carpet)
Ballon is neg, and carpet is postive
Neutral conductors are attracted to what?
any charge
What happens to charged conductors when connected to the ground?
become neutral
What is an electric field?
Map of the force which would be felt by a +1C charge
The arrow is the direction of the force the positive charge would feel.
A negative force would feel a charge opposite direction of that arrow.
5 Rules of electric field diagrams?
1)Start on positive signs
2)End of Negative Signs
3)Larger charges have more field lines coming from/to them
4)The closer together the field lines the stronger the field
5)Field Lines Never Cross
If we move a charge against or along electric field lines what does it affect?
Electric potential energy
-Positive charge will increase PE (positive charge feels a force in the direction of field lines, therefore harder (opposite direction of field Lines)
-Negative charge will decrease PE (negative charge feels force against direction of field lines therefore easier, goes downhill,)
When will electric potential energy decrease due to a electirc field.
-Negative charge will decrease PE (negative charge feels force against direction of field lines therefore easier, goes downhill,)
When will electric potential energy increase due to an electric field?
-Positive charge will increase PE (positive charge feels a force in the direction of field lines, therefore harder (opposite direction of field Lines)
Two like charges when put together have high or low electrical potential energy
High
Therefore gain kinetic energy and will move faster apart with the transfer
When work is positive what does it mean?
That we had to do work on the system
Work done by us
When work is negative what does it mean?
That the system did work on us
System does wotl
Work is determined by what in terms of electrical potential energy?
Work is the change in electrical potential energy
New-Old
(gives neg or positive value that will tell us if work was done by us or system
Electrical potential is aka
Voltage
Electric potential/voltage of a positive charge will?
Move from a high potential /voltage to low potential/voltage
Electric potential/voltage of a negative charge will?
Move from a low potential/voltage to a high potential/voltage
Ground has what potential/voltage
0
What is a equipotential line?
The line connects all the points at the same voltage. The electric potential does not change on these lines.
Always perpendicular to the electric field lines
Electric potential form rings around what type of charge?
Point Charge
T or F electric potential depends on path?
False, it is path independent
Starting point in electric field to ending point, making a STRAIGHT LINE
Potential are vectors or scalers?
Scalers
If you have multiple charges, you must add the potentials at the point due to the charge.
The charge of the potential will be the same or opposite of the point charge?
Same
Potential will be positive near a positive charge and negative near a negative charge
The further away the electric field lines are away from the point charge the higher or lower potential?
Lower
What is a dipole?
A pair of equal and opposite charges seperated by distance
Dipoles have direction in which way?
Are vectors point in direction of neg to positive charge
However, e field lines will point from neg to positive in circular cuz its a point charge
What happens if dipole is put in e field?
Positive charge feels a force of F=qE in the direction of the field and the negative will feel a equal charge oppsoite to the direction of the field.
Net force is zero, put will have a MOMENT to shift the dipole in proper direction. (Line up with field)
What is current?
Flow of positive charge
(but is electrons flowing in opposite direction)
Current flows from ______ potential to ______ potential.
Hight to Low
Positive terminal to negative terminal
The potential difference of current is supplied by what?
Battery (voltage or electromotive force)
Resistance increases/Proportional with what 2 factors?
Resistivity of the material
Length of the Resistor
Resistance decreases/is inversely proptional with what factor?
Cross-sectional area of the resistor
What the conductivity of a resistor equal to?
The inverse of the resistivity
what does a ammeter measure?
current that flows through it
The resistance on a ammeter should be what?
Zero resistance so that it does not affect the circuit
The resistance on a voltmeter should be what?
Infinite resistance so it does not affect the circuit
The total resistance in series is found by what?
Adding the resistors together.
The current of any component in series is the same or different?
The same
How do resistors in series effect the voltage?
They divide the voltage: the bigger the resistor the bigger the share of the voltage.
The total resistance when the resistors are in parallel can be found by?
Adding the sum of the inverse of all the resistors
Any components in parallel have the same _____?
Voltage
Resistors in parallel divide the current or voltage?
Current
The bigger resistors gets a smaller share of the current
If you have multiple resistors with the same resistance in parralel how can the total resistance be found?
Take resistance and divide by the number of resistors.
Power equation for ciruits
P=VI
P=V^2/R
P=I^2R
What is power?
Rate at which energy is used
In electrical circuits it is heat or light
(brighter the light = more power)
What are capacitators?
Store charge
Fill a capacitor up with a battery or other source then let all the charge out at once you get a much larger current/
Capacitance equation?
C=Q/V
Increase charge increase capitance
Increase voltage decrease capitance
When a capacitor is connected to a voltage source what is the voltage?
Voltage is constant
When a capacitator is disconnected from anything what happens to the charge? (Q)
Charge is constant
How is the distance/separation between plates on a parallel capacitor related to capacitance?
Inversly proptional
Distance increases, C decreases
How is the:
- dielectric constant
-Permittivity of free space
-Area of the plates
Related to capacitance?
Proptional
They increase so does capitance
T or F there is an electric field in capaciators?
True
Going from the positive plate to negative plate
An empty capacitator acts as what?
A wire
As a capacitor becomes more charge what happens to current?
It gets smaller as it is harder to put more charge on it.
(voltage across any subsequent resistors drops too (Vr=IR)
As a capacitor becomes more charge what happens to voltage?
Increases
A full capacitator acts like what?
A break in the circuit
-Zero current and zero voltage accross any subsequent resistors
The total capacitance in series is found by?
The sum of the inverse of the capacitance
-They don’t like being in series
-The series total is less than of the smallest actual capacitor and gets smaller the more capictors your added
Capacitors in series carry the same charge, voltage or current?
Charge
Capacitors in series divide the voltage or current across them?
Voltage
The bigger the capacitator, the bigger or smaller the voltage?
Smaller
If you have N idential capacitators in series you can find the total capacitace use what?
C idential seroes = C/N
The bottom plate of a capacitor carries what charge?
Negative
Means top is positive
How to find the total capacitance of capacitors in series?
Total capacitance increases
Take the sum of all the capacitators
Parrallel capacitators have the same ______ but divide ________?
Same voltage
Divide Charge
A bigger capacitator in parallel will get a bigger or smaller charge?
Bigger
Magnetic field lines travel south to north or north to south?
North to South
What is the Lorentz Force?
Charge when in a magnetic field
Dot means into or out of page
X means into or out of page
Dot=Out
X= In
In the RHR your thumb is pointing in the direction of the positive or negative charge?
Positive
Negative charge will therefore be in the opposite direction
RHR
1) Index in direction of velocity
2)Middle: Rotate until either into or out of page (mag field)
3)Thumb = direction of + charge/ (force)
Any non zero magnetic force is _____ to the velocity and mag field
perpendicular
True or False Magnetic Field do work?
False never do work
Magnetic fields cannot change speed
-ONLY CHARGES DIRECTION AND VELOCITY
Two current-carrying wires traveling side by side will be a force; it will be attractive when _____ and repulsive if ______?
Attractive if the current is moving in the same direction.
Repulsive if the current is moving in the opposite direction.
The force on a current carrying wire will be incresased if these 3 factors increase?
1)Current in wire
2)Length of Wire
3)Magnetic Field
According to Faradays law, if a induced effect in a conducting loop of the wire will create a new mag field in what direction.
Opposite to the induced effect
(messes up the magnetic flux)
In simple harmonic motion what occurs?
Particle is at equilibrium but if particle moves it is no longer in equilibrium and restoring forces act to bring back
They overshoot and needs to be brought into equiibrium again
Simple wave (top and bottom is overshoot = max pe, max spring) and middle is equilibrium (max Ke, zero spring)
In simple harmoic motion the force at max PE is calculated by what?
F=-kA
(A is amplitude)
(K is spring constant)
In simple harmonic motion the PE at max PE is calculated by what?
PEs = 1/2kA^2
T or F Waves transmit energy through a medium by causing a net motion of the medium?
False, NOT NET MOTION of the Medium
Particles move back and forth from starting by end up where they started
Like a wave in stadium
What is wavelength
How long before the pattern repeats itself
Length of one cycle
What is frequency?
How many pass a point in one second
What does a high pitch mean?
High Frequency
How is angular frequency related to frequency
Same thing just multiplied by 2pie
Measured in Radians
What is a period?
The time is takes for one cycle to occur
How long a single wave takes
What is the relationship between period and frequency?
Reciprocal of frequency
f=1/T or T =1/f
Amplitude effects these 3 things?
1) Loudness
2) Intensity
3) Brightness
Amplitude does not effect these 3 things?
1) Wavelength
2)Frequency
3)Period
The total height of a wave is equal to?
2 A
What are transverse waves?
Wave displacement is perpendicular to the direction of travel
Particles move up and down and waves moves left and right
What are longitudinal waves?
Wave displacement is in the same direction to travel of the wave
Particles and wave move left and right.
Sound Waves
Longitudinal waves cause what?
Air Pressure
Moves particles closer = high pressure
Move Particles farther = decreased pressure
When moving from one medium to another the velocity of a wave _____ and the frequency of a wave_______
Velocity changes (velocity depends on medium)
Frequency remains the same (frequency depends on wave itself)
Velocity of sound in air?
340 m/s
Velocity of light in a vaccum?
3 x10^8 m/s
What is the equation for velocity of waves in a rope or cable?
V= Root Tension/mass/length of rope (linear density)
If the speed of sound increases what happens to the density?
Density decreases
If speed of sound increases what happens to temperature?
Temp Increases
If the speed of sound is higher is liquids or solids?
Solids
What is the relationship between intensity and radius?
Intensity is inversely proportional to radius by a factor of 4
Intensity decreases with increased area
I inverse to 1/r^2
Radius increases = Intensity decreases by a factor of 4
What is intensity
Power per unit area
I= P / 4pier^2
Intensity questions are best done using what?
Ratio = new/old with equation
Cross multiply
How is intensity related to amplitude
Intensity is proportional to the square amplitude.
Proportional by a factor of 4
If the intensity is multiplied by 100, the intensity level adds?
20
(just count zeros)
If the intensity is multiplied by 10, the intensity level adds?
10
(just count zero)
If the intensity is divided by 10, the intensity level subtracts?
10
Just count zeros
If the intensity is doubled what happens to the intensity level?
Goes up by 3 dB
If the intensity is halved what happens to the intensity level?
Goes down by 3 dB
What is the threshold intensity?
10^12 W/m2
How do ultrasound waves work?
Ultrasonic waves can reflect from boundaries btwn layers of different density
As different tissues reldlect waves differently based on their composition and orientation a image can be constructed.
WAVES hit the boundry btwn 2 matrials some can be transmitted through matrial and some will be reflected
In phase means?
They are at the same point in their cycle, both up or both down
add together
constructive interference
Out of phase means?
Opposite points in their oscillation, one up and one down
Cancel eachother out
destructive inteference
What is the beat frequency?
When you add two waves of different frequencies together you get a new shape
Add constructively in some places and destructively in others
Standing waves are caused by?
Travelling waves move along the string, which is reflected by the ends. the interfering with its own reflections
What are nodes
Where amplitude is always zero
Cannot moves at points where the string is attached
What are antinodes
Halfway between nodes where you have max displacement of the string from equilibrium at any time
What happens if your ossilate something at one of its harmonic frequencies?
It will resonate
The harmonic in closed tubes or open tubes is equal to what?
How many antinodes there are (bumps)
Most energy and oscialltion occurs at what harmonic which is what?
Fundamental harmonic
n=1
A closed tube/nailed down has what at the ends?
2 Nodes
A open tube/free at ends has what at ends?
2 Antinodes
Odd ends occur when?
Harmonic is a odd number
One side of wave is attached and the other is free (close and open)n
Velocity and Frequency are related how?
Proptional
Velocity and Wavelength are related how?
Inverse Proportional
What is a Blue Shift?
When observer or source overall move towards eachother
Higher frequency of light is observed = Blue
What is a Red Shift?
When observer or source overall move away from eachother
Lower frequency light obsrved = Red
When do shockwaves occur?
When something is moving through a medium faster than the speed of sound in that medium
Why does sonic boom occur?
Object accelerates and first hits the speed of sound it creates a sonic boo, because the sound waves are pilling up on same bit of air
All in phase and intefere constructively creating HUGE Pressure
What time of wave is light?
Electromagnetic wave: transverse wave oscillates electric and magnetic fields, not objects
In any material, light is slowed down according to what?
Refractive Index (n)n
When moving from one material to another what occurs to Speed, Frequency and Wavelength?
Speed Changes
Wavelength Changes
Frequency is Unchanged
Light causes the electric and mag. fields to osscilate in which direction to travel?
Perpendicular
Transverse Wave
The orientation of oscillation of light is called what and what are the two types?
Polarization of Light
1)Vertical Polarization (linear)
2)Circular Polarization (rotating)
Most light sources are polarized or unpolarized?
Unpolarized
Random oscillation in every directio
What is Plane Polarized Light?
When material only lets HORIZONTAL polarized light to pass through, other light is absorbed by material and only plane polarized light passes through
Visable Light Spectrum Wavlength
400nm (violet) 700nm (Red)
Frequency is higher in violet or red?
Violet
What is White Light?
A mixture of all the colours in the visible light spectrum
What is the power of frequency for visable light?
10^14
What is Diffraction?
Occurs when a wave encounters an obstacle which is smaller or same size as it wavelenth
Wave diffracts spreading out asap when it passes through the obstacle
In diffraction the smaller the obstacle the ____ diffraction?
Larger
In youngs double slit experiment two wave that are in phase result in what?
Interfere constructively to create a maxima, bright fringes
In young’s double slit experiment when two waves are out of phase what occurs?
Interfere destructively to create minima, dark fringes
The central maxima is what order?
0
What is diffraction grating?
Double Slit but with many more than two slits
More waves inteferring = more and clearing fringes
Wave-Particle Duaility
Light travels as a wave but interacts like a particle
More photons does what to light?
Brighter more intense light
Intensity in relation to photons?
Sets the number of photons
Frequency in relation to photons?
Energy of each photon
The deeper you go in water there are more or less photons?
Less so not a bright but their energy doesn’t change
In a ray model the angle of incidence is equal to what?
Angle of refraction
Diffuse or Specular Reflection?
When the surface of the reflection is not smooth, so light is reflected in many directions.
-THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE STILL = ANGLE OF REFRACTION
When light hits a higher refractive index what occurs?
Phase shift towards the normal
Slows down
When light hits a lower refractive index what occurs?
No phase shift
Move Faster
If light enters a material perpendicularly (0 degrees) what occurs?
Goes in straight line
What is the Critical Angle?
Where the refracted ray bends so much it can’t get out of the new material
Results in total internal reflecion
What is the critical angle to result in angle of refraction for total internal reflection?
Greater or equal to 90
The Total Internal refraction can occur when moving from a ________ refractive index into a _______ refracted index
Higher to Lower
When light moves into a new material with lower n some will be refracted away from normal (as it does) in the new material and some will be refracted back into the old
The greater difference in refractive differences btwn materials makes it easier to get trapped therefore the critical angle is_____
Smaller
What happens to the reflected ray if we put a thin film on a surface?
Get two reflective rays, one at top of boundry and one from the bottom boundry
What happens to reflected rays if you set up a thin layer so that the rays become out of phase
Destructively interfere and cancels put reflection, can clearly see through
What is Chromatic Dispersion?
When light is spread out because of its frequency
Different colours of light are different frequencies and we get prism effect
A higher frequency material will have a higher or lower refractive indices?
Higher frequency = High Refraction
Blue light is most refracted and bends more and travles slower than red
Mirrors reflect or refract
Reflect
Lenses reflect or refract
Refract
Converging lenses do what to rays and are what type of lense?
Converge to a focal point
Convex Lense
Diverging lenses do what to rays and arewhat type of lense?
Diverge rays spreading out as if they came from a focal point
Concave Lense
Real versus Virtual Images?
Real = Light actually comes from that image
Virtual = Light was never at the image point
Upright versus Inverted Images?
Upright = Image is the same orientation of the job
Inverted = Image is flipped both upside down and left to right
Magnified versus Diminished Image?
Magnified = Image is larger than object (further away the bigger the image)
Diminished = Image is smaller than the object
Real images are always inverted or upright?
Inverted
Virtual Images are always inverted or upright?
Upright
Real images are located _____a mirror and _______ a lense?
In front of Mirror
Behind a Lense
Real images are located _____a mirror and _______ a lense?
Behind the mirror
Infront of Lense
Convex mirrors images always produce virtual or real images?
Virtual
Diverging lense images are always virtual or real?
Virtual and Deminished
A mirror image is virtual and upright if these 2 conditions?
1)Infront of the focal point if concave (converging mirror)
2)All Diverging/Convex (mirrors)
A mirror image is real and inverted this condition is met
Outside of the focal point and diverging mirror (convex mirror)
A lens image is upright and virtual if these conditions are met?
-Convex/Diverging Lense and object is infront of focal
-All Concave (converging lenses)
A lense image is real and inverted if this condition is met?
Convex/Diverging lense and object is behind focal pt
Focal Length is positive when?
Concave Mirrors and Converging Lenses
Focal Length is negative when?
Convex Mirror and Diverging Lenses
Image distance is positive when
Image is real
Image distance is negative when
Image is virtual
The greater the image distance means?
Larger the object
If magnification is negative the image is upright or inverted?
Inverted
The power of a lens is given in what unit?
Dipotres
m^-1
Myopics (nearsightedness) is caused by what and needs what type of lens?
Cannot see things further away than their far point.
Focus light too much, The image appears before retina
Need Diverging Lens
Hyperopic (far sighted) is caused by what and needs what type of lense?
Cannot see things nearer than their near point
Focus light not enough, the image appears behind retina
Need Converging lense
What are abberations?
When lens does not operate exactly according to theory
Chromatic Abberation: Chromatic disperion colours refreacted slightly diferently changing focal length for each colour
Spherical Aberattions: Equations are based on perfect spehrical lenses, yhin lenses are not perfect on edges
