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Psych/soc Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the “me” aspect of self according to the mead theory of identity development?

A

the “me” aspect of self is formed through interactions with others

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2
Q

what are four factors that effect population size

A

immigration, birth rate, emigration, death rate

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3
Q

What are pull factors? Push factors?

A

pull factors= make people want to immigrate to a country (ie economic prosperity)
push factors=make people want to leave a country (ie war, drought)

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4
Q

what do unconditioned stimulus cause?

A

innate responses

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5
Q

Implicit memory

A

is memory for things that cannot be consciously recalled
ie skills, tasks, emotions, reflexes

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6
Q

two types of implicit memory and example of each

A

procedural: memory for motor skills (brushing your teeth)
emotional/reflexive: flinch at something that has shocked you in the past

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7
Q

What are the differences between folkways, mores, and taboos?

A
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8
Q

stereotype boost

A

when positive stereotypes about social groups cause improved performance

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9
Q

What are the differences between ascribed, achieved, and master status?

A
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10
Q

Labeling theory

A

Labeling individuals as deviant has consequences, such as stigmatization, that lead to further deviance

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11
Q

structural functionalism

A

macro-level sociological perspective proposing that social institutions work together to maintain societal balance

Society is an organ attempting to maintain homeostasis

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12
Q

What are the 4 key processes that happen during mcdonaldization?

all in format:
_______ reduces______

A

efficiency reduces individuality
calculability reduces quality
predictability reduces uniqueness
control reduces the need for a skilled workforce

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13
Q

What does ethnography study?

A

study of individuals in their own communities to learn about culture, norms, and values within an area
methods: observation and interviews

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14
Q

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A
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15
Q

What is the Schacter-singer theory of emotion?

A
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16
Q

The hypothalamus’ main role in the body is

A

maintaining homeostasis - does this by regulating pituitary gland and ANS.

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17
Q

What part of the brain is primarily responsible for the physiological component of emotion

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

A

C and B are so close to each other, physical and mental happen at same time

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19
Q

The right hemisphere is specialized in…

A

visuospatial, emotional, artistic/musical processing

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20
Q

The left hemisphere is specialized in…

A

linguistic and analytical processing

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21
Q

proactive interference

A

previously learned information interferes with learning new information

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22
Q

retroactive interference

A

newly learned information interferes with recalling previously learned information

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23
Q

How do neuroleptic and atypical antipsychotic medications work on schizophrenia?

A

They reduce the positive schizophrenic symptoms

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24
Q

Mechanoreceptors detect

A

Movement;
sound waves and touch

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25
Q

Place theory

A

Place theory explains the perception of sound pitch
hair cells at base of basilar membrane are activated by high frequency sounds
Hair cells at the apex of the basilar membrane are activated by low frequency sounds

TOP/LOW
BOTTOM/HIGH

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26
Q

actor-observer bias

A

tendency to attribute your own actions to external factors but the actions of others to internal factors

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27
Q

What are the differences between stereotypes, discrimination, and prejudice?

A
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28
Q

subculture

A

a distinct group from the dominant culture, but that still aligns with the norms and values of the dominant culture

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29
Q

stereotype threat

A

when an individual is made aware of negative stereotypes, and the awareness causes the individuals performance to suffer

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30
Q

Is a tetrad group more or less stable than a triad? Up to how many social ties in a tetrad?

A
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31
Q

What is the cornea responsible for?

A

gathering and focusing incoming light

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32
Q

what does the pupil do?

A

Allow passage of light from anterior to posterior chamber

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33
Q

What is the main role of lens in the eye?

A

refract incoming light to focus it on the retina

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33
Q

What does the iris control?

A

The size of the pupil

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34
Q

List the 10 locations in the pathway of visual perception (light entering->brain)

A

cornea->pupil->lens->vitreous->retina->optic nerve->optic chiasm->optic tract->LGN hypothalamus->radiations through parietal and temporal lobe->visual cortex (occipital lobe)

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35
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

ability to simultaneously analyze different parts of vision (color, shape etc) and integrate memory systems to compare to past experiences

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36
Q

What cells are responsible for color perception?

A

Cones

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37
Q

What cells are responsible for form perception

A

parvocellular

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38
Q

What cells are responsible for motion perception?

A

magnocellular cells

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39
Q

What cells are responsible for depth perception?

A

binocular neurons

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40
Q

In the ear, what detects linear acceleration?

A

utricle and saccule

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41
Q

In the ear, what detects rotational acceleration?

A

Semicircular canals

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42
Q

List the whole auditory pathway (13 steps)

A

Pinna->external auditory canal->tympanic membrane->malleus->incus->stapes->oval window-> perilymph of cochlea->basilar membrane->hair cells->vestibulocochlear nerve-> brainstem->MGN of thalamus->auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

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43
Q

proprioceptors sense what?

A

where you are in space; location and position

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44
Q

List the steps in olfactory perception (6 steps)

A

nostril-> nasal cavity->olfactory chemorecptors on olfactory epithelium-> olfactory bulb->olfactory tract-> higher-order brain regions

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45
Q

What are the 4 main components of somatosensation?

A

pressure, vibrations, pain, temperature

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46
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

interpret each component via parallel processing and integrate into one cohesive whole

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47
Q

Top-down processing

A

start with whole object and thru memory create expectations of each component

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48
Q

Gestalt: proximity

A

components close to each other seen as a unit

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49
Q

Gestalt: similarity

A

components that are similar tend to be grouped together (size, shape, color)

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50
Q

Gestalt: good continuation

A

components that follow the same pathway tend to be group together

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51
Q

Gestalt: subjectie contours

A

edges or shapes that are not actually present can be implied by surrounding objects

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51
Q

Gestalt: closure

A

a space enclosed by a contour tends to be perceived as a complete figure

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52
Q

Gestalt: Pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as regular/simple as possible

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53
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The effect of nonsensory factors such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception and stimuli

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54
Q

Endolymph is found in the ________ labyrinth and while perilymph is found in the _______lablabyrinth

A

Endolymph is found in the membranous labyrinth and while perilymph is found in the bony lablabyrinth

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55
Q

Identity and hierarchy of salience

A

we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at a given moment

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56
Q

What are the three components of self in the self-discrepancy theory?

A
  1. actual self
  2. ideal self
    3.ought self
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57
Q

What are the stages of freud’s theory of psychosocial development and the ages they occur?

A
  1. oral stage (0-1)
  2. anal stage (1-3)
  3. phallic stage (3-5)
  4. Latency (5-puberty)
  5. genital (puberty)
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58
Q

Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development

A

personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts

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59
Q

What are the first 4 phases of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

0-1: trust vs mistrust (can I trust the world?)
1-3: autonomy vs shame and doubt (is it okay to be me?)
3-6 initiative vs guilt (Is it okay for me to move, do , act?
6-12: industry vs inferiority (can I make it in the world of people and things?)

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60
Q

What are the last 4 stages of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?

A

12-20: Identity vs role confusion (who am I/what could I be)
20-40: Intimacy vs isolation (Can I love?)
40-65: generativity vs stagnation (Can I make my life count?)
65-death: Integrity vs despair (Is it okay to have been me?)

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61
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg developed

A

the theory of moral reasoning

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62
Q

What are the 3 phases of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?

A
  1. Pre-conventional morality (adolescence)
  2. Conventional morality (adolescence-adulthood)
  3. post-conventional morality (adulthood if at all)
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63
Q

What are the 3 major entities in Freud’s model of the psychoanalytic perspective? Briefly describe each

A
  1. Id (primal urges ie survive and reproduce)
  2. ego (integrates id into reality)
  3. superego (morals, judging, guilt, pride)
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64
Q

Repression is _________ while suppression is ____

A

Repression is subconscious and suppression is conscious

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65
Q

The Rorschach inkblot test relies on the idea that

A

clients project their unconscious feelings onto the shape

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66
Q

Sublimation

A

the transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

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67
Q

What are 4 important Jungian archetypes

A
  1. Persona (the aspect of our personality we present to the world)
  2. Anima (a man’s inner woman-ie performing tasks normally ascribed to women )
  3. Animus (a woman’s inner man-performing tasks normally ascribed to men (wanting to be in power etc))
  4. Shadow unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts
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68
Q

Who’s work laid the groundwork for the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

A

Jung

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69
Q

Who was the psychoanalysts who originated the concept of the inferiority complex?

A

Adler

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70
Q

What are the big 5 traits of personality?

A

OCEAN
Openness
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

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71
Q

Androgeny can be defined as _____masculinity and _______femininity

A

high and high!
low and low would be undifferentiated

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72
Q

self-efficacy

A

an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments

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73
Q

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development theory

A

children often can’t perform tasks by themselves but will with help from a more knowledgeable observer

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74
Q

Neuroticism

A

high emotional arousal in stressful situations

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75
Q

social facilitation

A

people perform better when they are around other people

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76
Q

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation say about performing simple and complex tasks?

A

social facilitation (being around others causing arousal) enhances tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) but does the opposite for less familiar tasks (complex tasks)

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77
Q

antinormative behavior

A

when in a group and deindividuation occurs, could lead to not socially acceptable behavior (violence in crowds and riots)

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78
Q

social loafing

A

reducing effort when in a group setting

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79
Q

identity shift effect

A

changing beliefs or behavior due to peer pressure

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80
Q

identity shift effect is an example of

A

cognitive dissonance

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81
Q

Who did conformity experiments?

A

Solomon Asch; people change their answers or second guess them when others have different answers

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82
Q

Groupthink

A

desire for social harmony results in less opinions being heard and results in people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

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83
Q

What is one alternative to cultural assimilation?

A

Ethnic enclaves (locations with a high concentration of a specific ethnicity)

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84
Q

Assimilation vs multiculturalism

A

assimilation: usually uneven merging of cultures; a melting pot
multiculturalism: celebration of coexisting cultures; a cultural mosaic

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85
Q

counterculture

A

when a subculture group gravitates towards an identity at odds with main culture

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86
Q

primary vs secondary socialization

A

primary: childhood learning of acceptable actions and attitudes in society
secondary: outside of home, learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society (ie dif behaviors of sports, school, church)

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87
Q

informal vs formal sanctions

A

informal: social groups (exclusion)
formal: the law

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88
Q

agent of socialization

A

any part of society that is important when learning social norms

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89
Q

deviance and social stigma

A

deviance any violation of norms
social stigma: extreme disapproval based on their distance from social norms

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90
Q

role engolfment

A

When an assumed label takes over an individuals identity

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91
Q

differential association theory (social)

A

exposure to people with deviant behavior lays the groundwork for people themselves to have deviant behavior

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92
Q

Strain theory and example

A

deviance occurs when there is a disconnect between social goals and structure
ex. American dream acquiring wealth thru hard work, but structure doesn’t allow that, could result in theft (deviance)

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93
Q

internalization vs identification

A

Both types of conformity:
Internalization: changing behaviors to fit with a group while privately agreeing with a group
identification: outward acceptance, but don’t personally take on these ideas

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94
Q

foot-in-the-door vs door-in-the-face technique

A

foot in door: make a small request, and after compliance, make a bigger request
door in face: make a large request, denied, make a smaller request

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95
Q

What are the components of attitude

A

ABCs
affective: the way a person feels (im scared of snakes)
behavior: the way a person acts (I’m avoiding snakes)
cognitive: the way someone thinks (Snakes can be dangerous)

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96
Q

Functional attitude theory says that attitudes serve what 4 functions?

A
  1. knowledge
  2. ego expression
  3. adaptation
  4. ego defense
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97
Q

Learning theory (attitude)

A

attitudes are developed through different forms of learning and exposure

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98
Q

Central route vs peripheral route processing

A

central: deep thinking, scrutinizing the content of persuasive information
peripheral: superficial details of persuasive info (appearances, slogans, credibility)

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99
Q

Central route and peripheral route processing are components of which theory of attitude?

A

elaboration likelihood model

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100
Q

social cognitive theory

A

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behavior of others

LEARN FROM OTHER HOW TO BEHAVE

Social (observe others) cognitive (teaches you how to behave)

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101
Q

What are the 3 interactive factors of Bandura’s triadic reciprocal causation

A

Personal, Behavioral, environmental factors (related to social cognitive theory)

social cognitive: learn from watching others

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102
Q

role conflict vs role strain

A

role conflict (DIFFERENT ROLES): difficulty satisfying the expectations of multiple roles
role strain (SAME ROLE): difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role

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103
Q

As group size increases what happens?

A

trade intimacy for stability

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104
Q

reference group

A

groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves (ie comparing to other med students)

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105
Q

Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft theory

A

community and society
community: close, warm bonds
society: less personal, mutual self-interest

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106
Q

System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG) looks at what type of social interactions?
What are 3 main components?

A

Looks at small group interactions:
dominance v submission
friendliness v unfriendliness
controlled v emotional expressive

dominant, friendly, emotional expressive

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107
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

democratic of bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

no true democracy!!

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108
Q

social construction model of emotions

A

no biological basis; based on experiences and situational context alone

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109
Q

authentic, ideal, and tactical self

A

authentic: who we truly are negative and positive
ideal: who we want to be under optimal circumstances
tactical: how we market ourselves to adhere to other’s expectations

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110
Q

dramaturgical approach to impression management and the two components fo it

A

uses theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves

front stage self: persona presented to audience
back stage: persona adopted when not in a social situation

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111
Q

Verbal communication

A

transmission of information through words

INCLUDES written language, sign language, Braille alphabet

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112
Q

Bureaucracies are normally not defined by

A

elections by constituents

decisions made by satte officials not elected representatives

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113
Q

impression management strategy of aligning actions

A

providing socially acceptable reasons to explain unexpected behavior

laughing at a funeral; you’re uncomfortable and sad

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114
Q

The ought self is most similar to the _______

A

tactical self

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115
Q

What is the difference between a confounding and mediating variable?

A

confounding: 3rd unrelated variable that is responsible for both DV and IV
mediating: explains the association between two variables through a causal relationship

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116
Q

What are 4 things produced in the anterior pituitary?

A

FLAT PEG
FSH, LH, AcTH, TSH, Prolactin, endorphins, GH
endorphins
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
growth hormone (GH)

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117
Q

During opioid withdrawal you would expect pupil______

A

pupillary dilation
OPPOSITE of symptoms while using opioids

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118
Q

What is the key idea of drive-reduction theory? What would they say depression stems from?

A

Drive-reduction theorists: motivation arises from desire to eliminate drives which create uncomfortable internal states

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119
Q

Abnormal functioning of which 3 brain regions could play a role in developing depression?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Limbic system
    3.hypothalamus
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120
Q

Incidence vs prevalence of a disease

A

incidence: # of new cases
prevalence: how common a disease is

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121
Q

Key feature of operant conditioning

A

reward and punishment- if a question asks about operant conditioning then either of these should be clear

122
Q

What does social constructionism suggest? Give an example of gender

A

social constructionism: people develop understanding/knowledge thru interactions with others thru language

gender: women say thank you often because they were told to “be a good girl” when growing up

123
Q

Hans Eysenck promoted what view of personality?

A

Biological perspective-influence of genetics and brain biology in determining an individuals behavior

EYE-> Biology

124
Q

What is the definition of attrition bias?

A

Attrition: people drop out of study for reasons that may skew data (don’t collect their data points)

125
Q

Neustress

A

neutral stress: something that is stressfu but that your body doesn’t perceive as good or bad for you

Example: news of a natural disaster

126
Q

Deductive vs inductive reasoning

A

deductive reasoning: top-down process applying broad principles to specific situations
inductive: bottom-up processing using specific situations to identify broad principles

127
Q

What are 3 components of emotion?

A
  1. physiological arousal
  2. expressive displays
  3. subjective experiences
128
Q

Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction

A

variable-ratio

129
Q

Construct validity of a study

A

manner in which terms of the study are defined

130
Q

Representative heuristic

A

reasoning based on stereotypical views

ie what type of people will be math majors

131
Q

Hawthorne effect definition

A

Behavioral changes in subjects during a study because they know they are being observed

132
Q

Discrimination, unlike prejudice and stereotyping result in

A

changes in behavior

133
Q

define cognitive dissonance theory

A

people desire consistency between their thoughts values and actions, and when these 3 don’t align there is cognitive dissonance

134
Q

the behavior of individuals in the Stanford prison experiment can best be described by which two terms

A
  1. Deindividuation: loss of sense of self which lead to antinormative behavior
  2. Internalization: changed beliefs to match those of the group
135
Q

During groupthink risk-taking _____

A

increases (when supported by the group)

136
Q

Internalization

A

Changing your opinion to match the group, but also taking on those beliefs yourself

137
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Successes: internal reasons
Failures: external factors

138
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Believe information supporting beliefs, dismiss evidence refuting beliefs, and interpret ambiguous as supporting

139
Q

front stage vs back stage behavior

A

front stage: behaviors that are typically performance based, (show, race, etc) in front of others
back stage: those behaviors typically done in private

140
Q

Parkinsons is caused by

A

decreased dopamine signaling

141
Q

________ levels is associated with depression

A

seratonin

142
Q

Blocking reuptake of something would

A

increase (potentiate) its effects in the body

143
Q
A
144
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

micro level (individual) perception on how certain things in society having meaning and value

145
Q

self-efficacy

A

a person’s belief in their ability to achieve a particular outcome

146
Q

deindididuation

A

giving up self-awareness and responsibility in large groups

“mob mentality”

147
Q

kinesthetic system focused on

A

balance and an individual’s sense of their body in the world. Two senses involved are movement (kinesthesia) and limb position (proprioception)

148
Q

What are Paul Ekman’s 7 universal human emotions

A

anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, contempt, fear, and surprise

149
Q

T-tests vs regression

A

t-tests: comparing means of groups
regression: predict scores from independent variables

150
Q

Chomsky’s main point

A

language acquisition theory: individuals have an innate language acquisition capacity

151
Q

Vygotsky’s social learning theory

A

the role of people and interactions in learning skills

152
Q

absolute vs relative poverty

A

absolute: standards under which people cannot satisfy basic survival needs (water, clothing, food, etc)
relative: is a level of poverty relative to the rest of the population or their social group

153
Q

Alzheimers is a form of

A

dementia

154
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

theta waves, light sleep
eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows

155
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

theta waves with occasional bursts of sleep spindles
eye movement stops and brain waves become slower

156
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

delta waves
deep sleep, typically 30 min
sleepwalking and bed wetting typically occur at the end of stage

157
Q

During what stage of the sleep cycle does sleepwalking and bedwetting happen?

A

end of stage 3

158
Q

What is the length of a sleep cycle in children compared to adults?

A

childhood: 50 minutes
parents: 90 minutes

159
Q

Animals with low sexual dimorphisms typically display what mating?

A

pair bonds and mate for life

160
Q

stimulus motives

A

motive that appears to be unlearned but increases stimulation (like curiosity)
innate but not necessary

161
Q

Stanley Milgram is associated with

A

obedience studies

162
Q

informed pressure

A

a type of conformity pressure, in which one changes their answer to to match that of a group they believe to be more informed then them

163
Q

Which system regulates emotions?

A

The limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and others)

164
Q

Shadowing

A

Tests selective attention; repeat the number or words, or shadow the intended message

165
Q

Where are the brain areas that process linguistic information?

A

Left hemisphere

166
Q

Avoidance vs escape learning

A
167
Q

vasodilation

A

smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels relaxes

168
Q

shock absorption and insulation happen in which skin layer?

A

hypodermis, or subcutaneous

169
Q

What does not diminish as a person ages in terms of memory?

A

ability to retrieve general information
semantic and crystallized intelligence

170
Q

Where are cones located

A

the fovea

171
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

human cognition is affected by language
ie. I can distinguish bEtter between fruits I know the name of than those that I don’t

172
Q

social loafing refers to the fact that people are more productive

A

alone than in a group

173
Q

individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long term rewards have which type of intelligence?

A

emotional intelligence

174
Q

Every time a volunteer in a sleep study begins to exhibit rapid eye movements (REM), the experimenter wakes the person up. On the following night, when his or her sleep is uninterrupted, the person will most likely:

A

have the same sleep pattern as before the study.

This is called REM- rebound

175
Q

What are the 3 main components of SES

A

occupation, income, education

176
Q

The standard version of a dichotic listening task involves:

A

presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear.

177
Q

What type of scan is best used for studying the activation in particular brain regions

A

PET

178
Q

What are two examples of primary groups

A
  1. family
  2. close peer group
179
Q

NMDA receptors are a subtype of which group of receptors

A

glutamate receptors

180
Q

sensory interaction

A

sensory interaction is the idea that one sensory modality (e.g., vision) may influence another (e.g., balance)

181
Q

Misattribution of arousal

A

Attributing arousal to the wrong cause

182
Q

In Mead’s theory of the nature of self, how does he differentiate between the “me” and “I”

A

In Mead’s theory of the nature of the self, the self is divided into the “I” and the “me.” The “me” is the collection of attitudes taken from society, whereas the “I” is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the “me.”

183
Q

Cultural capital

A

the degree to which an individual has traits that allow him or her to command influence within society. This concept is distinct from social capital, because social capital refers to connections or structures that facilitate those connections, whereas cultural capital describes factors like education, manner of speech, and style of dress.

184
Q

What brain regions generally constitute the limbic system?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and hypothalamus.

185
Q

How do the super ego, ego, and Id break up between the conscious, subconscious, and preconscious mind?

A
186
Q

Prescriptive vs descriptive in sociology

A

prescriptive refers to what an individual believes should occur, while descriptive refers to what one perceives as actually occurring

187
Q

Transference vs projection

A
188
Q

Self serving bias

A

the tendency people have to credit their successes to themselves and their failures either to the actions of others or to situations

189
Q

What are the 3 components of weberian stratification

A

The “three-component theory of stratification,” or “Weberian stratification,” is a framework that states that class, prestige, and power influence the way that individuals treat one another. Although gender may lead to stratification, it is not one of the three factors named by this theory.

190
Q

Break down the major (5) theories of language and cognition (how they effect each other)

A
191
Q

What are 3 main theories of language acquisition?

A
192
Q

Explain critical period of language development

A
193
Q

What are age related cognitive effects? What things decline/stay stable?

A
194
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

older adults tend to remember events from their youth and young adulthood more easily than events that happened later

195
Q

Language centers are on which side of the brain?

A

Left!
visual processing of right is on left hemisphere; language centers also left

196
Q

Binocular Cues (common) vs monocular cues (common)

A

binocular: convergence, retinal disparity
monocular: motion parallax, size, constancy, height, shading and contour

197
Q

absolute threshold of sensation

A

the minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

198
Q

Otolithic organs and what they do

A

utricle and saccule; help detect linear acceleration and head positioning

199
Q

______ and _______ form the ciliary body and act together to secrete aqueous humor

A

suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle

200
Q

Phototransduction cascade

A
  1. Rod (has rhodopsin protein which contains retinal)
    When light hits, retinal changes conformation from bent to straight)
  2. Signal transduction cascade involving cGMP, GMP, Na+
  3. Eventually leads to excitation of bipolar cells
  4. activates retinal ganglion cell which sends signal to optic nerve to brain
201
Q

Blind spot

A

where optic nerve connects to retina (no rods or cones)

202
Q

Parallel processing

A

see all at the same time; simultaneously processing incoming stimuli (ie color (cones), motion (magnocellular) and form (parvocellular))

203
Q

Stapes is attached to

A

the oval (elliptical window)

204
Q

How does the organ of corti work?

A

upper and lower membrane with hair cells
hair cells made of kinocilium filaments and tip of each kinocilium attached by a tip link
-tip link is attached to gate of K channel, which activates Ca+ and causes spiral ganglion cell to activate auditory nerve

205
Q

In Freud’s dream theory, what are examples of latent and manifest content?

A

Manifest: monster chasing you
Latent: job pushing you out

206
Q

Activation synthesis dream hypothesis

A

dreams and activated in the brain stem and synthesized in the cortex

Our brain is simply trying to find meaning from random brain activity. Therefore might not even have any meaning

207
Q

Increased skin conductivity is controlled by what system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

208
Q

Unconditioned Stimuli

A

a stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior

209
Q

Discriminating stimuli

A

Signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment (operant conditioning)

210
Q

A RIGID behaviorist holds what belief?

A

Only actual outcomes of a behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated NOT mental processes.
This paragraph since it’s talking about beliefs influences (mental states) makes it not something that a RIGID behvaioralist would hold

211
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior based on external reward (like money or fame)

212
Q

Carl Rogers:

A

Humanistic; importance of congruency between self-concept and our action to feel fulfilled

213
Q

Who are the two big theorists associated with humanistic theory?

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

214
Q

What are key difference between Rogers and Maslow?

A

Maslow actualizes and rogers accepts
self-actualization
acceptance or unconditional positive regard

215
Q

Congruency

A

importance between self-concept and our actions to be fulfilled; decreasing the gap between actual self and ideal self

216
Q

Observer bias

A

Any bias on the part of the observers recording the data. Broad

217
Q

Glass escalator concept

A

men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women will quickly ascend the career ladder

218
Q

Labeling theory

A

people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category. Deals with primary deviance (no big consequences, mild rxn) and secondary deviance (more serious consequences, sever rxn that produces a stigmatizing label)

219
Q

What are the 3 theories about deviance?

A

Differential association: deviance is learned from contact with people that violate norms and laws (learned to take steroids as an athlete from teammates)
Labeling theory: a behavior is deviant if people have judged the behavior and label it as deviant (teammates label taking steroids as deviant and label/social stigma you)
Strain theory: blocked from achieving goal, may become frustrated and turned to deviance (team lacks proper funding resources to get better, so athlete becomes frustrated and turns to steroids to be better)

220
Q

Status group

A

defined based on things like prestige, tend to be described through social institutions (ie professor and student)

221
Q

Group affiliation is likely to be greatest when

A

the members share similarites (outlooks, skills, knowledge, other cultural capital

222
Q

Maladaptiveness criterion

A

whether a behavior negatively impacts a persons life or poses threat to others
If a psychologist says “It depends on whether or not this fear interferes with the person’s life.” they’re talking about maladaptiveness

223
Q

High levels of dopamine are associated with______low levels of dopamine are associated with______

A

high levels dopamine: schizophrenia
low levels dopamine: parkinsons

224
Q

The two common inhibitory neuro transmitters and where the act:

A

GABA: Brain
Glycine: spinal cord

225
Q

Dopamine inhibits ______in the hypothalamus

A

prolactin

226
Q

Participants asked to respond to questions about their childhood are retrieving what type of information?

A

Autobiographical (episodic mostly, and tangentially semantic)

227
Q

Overextension

A

applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only superficial resemblance

228
Q

Medicalization

A

the process in which a social problem comes to be defined as a disease or disorder

229
Q

Symbolic interactionism looks at

A

small-scale view of small interactions between individuals

230
Q

Auditory hair cells are ______ receptors

A

mechanoreceptors

231
Q

Propioreceptors can be found in

A

vestibular system, muscles, tendons

232
Q

Feature detection

A

Perceptual discrimination of different aspects of a specific stimuli
Feature detectors are specific neurons that preferentially fire in response to very specific stimuli

233
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

diminished nervous system response over time to a stimulus that remains constant

234
Q

mental set

A

when a problem solver gets stuck on a method that worked in the past but is not right for the current problem

235
Q

relative deprivation

A

the discontent people experience when they believe they are entitled to something but don’t get it

236
Q

What are some of the major agents of socialization?

A

Family, friends, school/work, mass media

237
Q

What are the 3 major types of capital and distinguish between them

A
238
Q

coercive organizations

A

forced membership (ie prison)

239
Q

Why are community-based approaches to behavior change usually more effective than change being imposed on people?

A

Community-based: normally culturally relativistic
External organizations: normally ethnocentric

240
Q

Who are the 2 main theorists of symbolic interactions?

A

Charles Cooley and George Mead

241
Q

Who are the main two theorists of conflict theory

A

Karl Marx, Max Weber

242
Q

Who are the 2 theorists most often associated with Functionalism

A

Emilie Durkheim and Talcott Parsons

243
Q

Malthusian THeory

A

Theory of population growth. When populations grow faster than the resources necessary to sustain that population preventative checks (reducing birth rate) positive checks (increasing the death rate) can slow down growth

244
Q

What is a Malthusian catastrophe

A

large-scale positive check that slows or stops population growth

245
Q

What are 4 disorders in which bodily symptoms or illnesses are associated with psychological factors? Explain differences

A
246
Q

Absolute vs difference threshold

A

absolute: intensity at which an individual can detect a stimulus 50% of the time (can detect 50%)
difference: the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time (smallest difference that can be detected 50%)

247
Q

Just noticeable difference is related to which law

A

Weber’s law; the proportion of JND to the original stimulus intensity is a constant

248
Q

Another name for rational choice theory

A

social exchange

249
Q

Symbolic interactionism’s main ideas

A
  1. meaning and value attached to symbols
  2. individual interactions based on these symbols
250
Q

Social constructionisms main ideas

A
  1. Social actors define what is real
  2. Knowledge about the world is based on interactions
251
Q

Symbolic interactionism vs social constructionism

A

Symbolic interactionism: micro, how we change views when we interact with other individuals
Social constructionism: Macro, how we as a society define concepts and objects (ie how we’ve assigned value to money)

252
Q

Besides alcohol, what are 2 major types of depressants?

A

Barbituates and benzodiazipenes

253
Q

What are key parts of the mesolimbic pathway

A

Nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus

254
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

type of selective attention- ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd

255
Q

the shadowing task is used to test

A

selective attention (to what you’re hearing in one hear or the other)

256
Q

What are 3 theories of selective attention and blurb

A

1)Broadbent- sensory info is filtered immediately to sort out things you don’t need
2) Deutch& Deutch- filter after the perceptual process
3)Treisman’s -Attenuator weakens but does not eliminate input from unattended

257
Q

Explicit memory types

A

semantic memory: remembering simple facts
episodic memory: event-related memories

258
Q

Ebbinhaus studied

A

memory decay over time

259
Q

As we age what cognitive abilities are stable, improve, and decline?

A

Stable: implicit memory
Improve: semantic memory, crystallized IQ, and emotional reasoning
Decline: episodic memory, processing speed, and divided attention

260
Q

Retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

A

retrograde: inability to recall previously encoded, anterograde: inability to encode new memories

261
Q

Give an example of priming

A

hearing apple and asked to name a word starting with A

262
Q

4 theories of intelligence overviews:

A
  1. Spearman’s idea of general intelligence: single g factor intelligence that underlies everything (spearman=single)
  2. Gardner’s idea of 8: 8 different intelligences (Gardners=8 letters, 8 intelligences)
  3. Galton’s idea of hereditary: human ability is hereditary (galton/dalton/natural)
  4. Binets idea of mental age: how a child performs to others at same age
263
Q

Piaget’s theory of language

A

once children can think a certain way they can use language to describe those thoughts

264
Q

Vygotsky language theory

A

language and thoughts are independent, but converge through development so you can eventually use them at the same time

265
Q

Nativist language perspective: idea and key person

A

Noah Chomsky; language biologically innate
associated: Language acquisition device/universal grammar/critical period 0-9 for learning language

266
Q

Learning theory of language development: idea and key person

A

Skinner; language is formed through operant conditioning, only acquired through reinforcement; also behaviorist

267
Q

Interactionalist approach to language development; person and key ideas

A

Vygotsky; biological and social factors influence how children learn language

268
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis and strong version of it

A

cognition and perception are determined by the language one speaks
strong version of it is Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis (language shapes how we experience the world)

269
Q

Broca’s area is in the______ while wernickes area is in the______

A

BROCAS: FRONTAL LOBE
Wernicke’s: temporal lobe

270
Q

Describe the differences between:
Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
Global aphasia
conduction aphasia
agraphia
anomia

A

Broca’s aphasia: inability to produce speech
Wernicke’s aphasia: inability to comprehend speech
Global aphasia: broca/wernicke both damaged inability to produce or comprehend
conduction aphasia: Articulate fasciculus damages ability to conduct between listening and speaking
agraphia: inability to write
anomia: inability to name things

271
Q

Which side of brain is needed for language if split-brain patient?

A

Left brain!

272
Q

Break down the functions of the 4 main parts of the limbic system

A

Hippo wearing a HAT
Thalamus: sensory relay station
Amygdala: aggression/fear center
Hippocampus: converting short to long term memories (if damaged hard time making new memories)
Hypothalamus: Regulates ANS (fight/flight, rest/digest)

273
Q

Positive emotions invoke more memories on the _____ side of hemisphere

A

left!!

274
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A

Physiological, cognitive, behavioral

275
Q

Darwin and emotion

A

ability to understand emotion is an innate ability

276
Q

Paul Ekman and emotion

A

7 universal emotions (fear, anger, disgust, surprise, contempt, happy, sad)

277
Q

The Automatic nervous system works with what brain systems (2) to regulate stress?

A

Limbic system and reticular activating system (in midbrain going to and from higher brain centers to control arousal and alertness levels

278
Q

What are 3 phases of general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
279
Q

What are 5 main somatosensation?

A
  1. position
  2. pain
  3. temperature
  4. vibration
  5. touch
280
Q

Characteristics of mechanoreceptors

A

large diameter axon, thick myeline sheath= FAST

281
Q

What are signs of lower motor neuron abnormalities

A

LMN (efferent) atrophy of skeletal muscle, fasciculations (involuntary twitches), hypotonia and hyporeflexia

282
Q

What are signs of Upper motor neuron damage

A
283
Q

Break down key characteristics of divisions of cerebral cortex

A
284
Q

Where is seratonin released from?

A

raphe nuclei in midbrain/medulle

285
Q

Where is dopamine released from?

A

VTA and substantia nigra

286
Q

2 ways to study brain structure
2 ways to study brain function
2 ways to study brain structure and function

A

Structure:
CT, MRI
Function:
EEG, MEG
Structure+function:
fMRI (can see blood flow)
PET (inject glucose and see which areas are active)

287
Q

What are 3 main types of innate behavioral traits?

A

Reflexes (knee-jerk), orientation (our change in speed towards or away from a stimulus), fixed-action patterns (performed without interruption

288
Q

What is the order in Maslow’s hierarchy of need?

A
  1. Physiological – food, water, breathing, sleep. Essential to survive.
  2. Safety – safety of employment, health, resources, property.
  3. Love – need to belong, intimacy, love.
  4. Self-esteem – feel confident and sense of achievement, recognition. Respect.
  5. Self-actualization – one reaching their maximal potential, achieving the most one can be. Differs from person to person.

** the one before must always be achieved to move up!

289
Q

Incentive theory is most similar to

A

behaviorism; skinner; operant conditioning
A reward (intangible or tangible is presented after an action—> drives motivation)

290
Q

Define attitude and its 3 components

A

attitude: learned tendency to evaluate things a certain way

ABCS!!!!!
Affect (emotional)
behavioral (how we act)
cognitive (how we form thoughts and beliefs)

“I love yoga because I get to mediate and I believe it helps me relax so I will go to class each week.” – ‘I love yoga’ is emotional,’ I believe it helps me relax’ is cognitive, and behavioural is ‘I will go to class each week’

291
Q

Break down the 4 theories that answer the question about how attitude influence behavior

A
  1. theory of planned behavior: we consider implications of our intensions before we behave
  2. Attitude to behavior process model: event triggers attitude->behavior
    Ex. Tommy has attitude that junk food is unhealthy, because many of his relatives have diseases. So when he’sat home he does not eat chips/soda/candy.
  3. Prototype willingness model: behavior is a function of 6 things: past behavior, attitudes, norms, intensions, willingness to engage, prototypes ——All encompassing overview of everything that affects behavior

4.Elaboration Likelihood Model: more cognitive, focuses on why/how of persuasion
central: appeals to quality of argument
peripheral: superficial, non-verbal cues (dress, attractiveness, status)

292
Q

Attribution

A

process of inferring causes of events/behaviors
3 parts: consistency (does person usually behave this way), distinctiveness (does person behave differently in different situations), and consensus (do others behave similarly in situation?).

293
Q

Carl Rogers main points

A
  1. Humanist
  2. Growth when genuine +acceptance by others= self-concept
    3.Congruency between our self-concept and our actions to feel fulfilled
294
Q

Main people Biological theory of personality

A
  1. Hans Eyesenk (extroversion level based off reticular formation arousal)
  2. Jeffrey Alan Gray: personality governed by 3 brain systems
  3. Cloninger: dopamine correlates with higher impulsivity
295
Q

People with longer ______ are more likely to be thrill seekers

A

dopamine-4 receptor

296
Q

Behaviorist theory of personality main people and their associations

A

Skinner- strict behaviorist, operant conditioning
Pavlov- classical conditioning

297
Q

Cognitive theory of personality

A

bridge between classic behaviorism and other theories because it treats thinking as a behavior (NOT true of stringent behaviorists, only actions/external)

298
Q

Anxious-ambivalent vs avoidant attachment styles

A

anxious ambivalent: Highly anxious then avoid
avoidant: not highly anxious and resist contact with parents

299
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Reaction formation involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite.

Ex. This is what is being described as the patient insists upon his admiration and love for his partner, even while struggling with feelings of envy and inferiority.

300
Q

What are characteristics of Weber’s Ideal Bureaucracy?

A
301
Q
A

Slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction (think schedules of reinforcement as all partial reinforcement)

302
Q
A
303
Q

What aligns most with labeling theory?

A

Labeling theory is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior

MCAT (3 decks)

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