Psych/soc Flashcards
1
Q
what is the “me” aspect of self according to the mead theory of identity development?
A
the “me” aspect of self is formed through interactions with others
2
Q
what are four factors that effect population size
A
immigration, birth rate, emigration, death rate
3
Q
What are pull factors? Push factors?
A
pull factors= make people want to immigrate to a country (ie economic prosperity)
push factors=make people want to leave a country (ie war, drought)
4
Q
what do unconditioned stimulus cause?
A
innate responses
5
Q
Implicit memory
A
is memory for things that cannot be consciously recalled
ie skills, tasks, emotions, reflexes
6
Q
two types of implicit memory and example of each
A
procedural: memory for motor skills (brushing your teeth)
emotional/reflexive: flinch at something that has shocked you in the past
7
Q
What are the differences between folkways, mores, and taboos?
A
8
Q
stereotype boost
A
when positive stereotypes about social groups cause improved performance
9
Q
What are the differences between ascribed, achieved, and master status?
A
10
Q
Labeling theory
A
Labeling individuals as deviant has consequences, such as stigmatization, that lead to further deviance
11
Q
structural functionalism
A
macro-level sociological perspective proposing that social institutions work together to maintain societal balance
Society is an organ attempting to maintain homeostasis
12
Q
What are the 4 key processes that happen during mcdonaldization?
all in format:
_______ reduces______
A
efficiency reduces individuality
calculability reduces quality
predictability reduces uniqueness
control reduces the need for a skilled workforce
13
Q
What does ethnography study?
A
study of individuals in their own communities to learn about culture, norms, and values within an area
methods: observation and interviews
14
Q
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
A
15
Q
What is the Schacter-singer theory of emotion?
A
16
Q
The hypothalamus’ main role in the body is
A
maintaining homeostasis - does this by regulating pituitary gland and ANS.
17
Q
What part of the brain is primarily responsible for the physiological component of emotion
A
hypothalamus
18
Q
What is the cannon-bard theory of emotion?
A
C and B are so close to each other, physical and mental happen at same time
19
Q
The right hemisphere is specialized in…
A
visuospatial, emotional, artistic/musical processing
20
Q
The left hemisphere is specialized in…
A
linguistic and analytical processing
21
Q
proactive interference
A
previously learned information interferes with learning new information
22
Q
retroactive interference
A
newly learned information interferes with recalling previously learned information
23
Q
How do neuroleptic and atypical antipsychotic medications work on schizophrenia?
A
They reduce the positive schizophrenic symptoms
24
Q
Mechanoreceptors detect
A
Movement;
sound waves and touch
25
Place theory
Place theory explains the perception of sound pitch
hair cells at base of basilar membrane are activated by high frequency sounds
Hair cells at the apex of the basilar membrane are activated by low frequency sounds
TOP/LOW
BOTTOM/HIGH
26
actor-observer bias
tendency to attribute your own actions to external factors but the actions of others to internal factors
27
What are the differences between stereotypes, discrimination, and prejudice?
28
subculture
a distinct group from the dominant culture, but that still aligns with the norms and values of the dominant culture
29
stereotype threat
when an individual is made aware of negative stereotypes, and the awareness causes the individuals performance to suffer
30
Is a tetrad group more or less stable than a triad? Up to how many social ties in a tetrad?
31
What is the cornea responsible for?
gathering and focusing incoming light
32
what does the pupil do?
Allow passage of light from anterior to posterior chamber
33
What is the main role of lens in the eye?
refract incoming light to focus it on the retina
33
What does the iris control?
The size of the pupil
34
List the 10 locations in the pathway of visual perception (light entering->brain)
cornea->pupil->lens->vitreous->retina->optic nerve->optic chiasm->optic tract->LGN hypothalamus->radiations through parietal and temporal lobe->visual cortex (occipital lobe)
35
What is parallel processing?
ability to simultaneously analyze different parts of vision (color, shape etc) and integrate memory systems to compare to past experiences
36
What cells are responsible for color perception?
Cones
37
What cells are responsible for form perception
parvocellular
38
What cells are responsible for motion perception?
magnocellular cells
39
What cells are responsible for depth perception?
binocular neurons
40
In the ear, what detects linear acceleration?
utricle and saccule
41
In the ear, what detects rotational acceleration?
Semicircular canals
42
List the whole auditory pathway (13 steps)
Pinna->external auditory canal->tympanic membrane->malleus->incus->stapes->oval window-> perilymph of cochlea->basilar membrane->hair cells->vestibulocochlear nerve-> brainstem->MGN of thalamus->auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
43
proprioceptors sense what?
where you are in space; location and position
44
List the steps in olfactory perception (6 steps)
nostril-> nasal cavity->olfactory chemorecptors on olfactory epithelium-> olfactory bulb->olfactory tract-> higher-order brain regions
45
What are the 4 main components of somatosensation?
pressure, vibrations, pain, temperature
46
Bottom-up processing
interpret each component via parallel processing and integrate into one cohesive whole
47
Top-down processing
start with whole object and thru memory create expectations of each component
48
Gestalt: proximity
components close to each other seen as a unit
49
Gestalt: similarity
components that are similar tend to be grouped together (size, shape, color)
50
Gestalt: good continuation
components that follow the same pathway tend to be group together
51
Gestalt: subjectie contours
edges or shapes that are not actually present can be implied by surrounding objects
51
Gestalt: closure
a space enclosed by a contour tends to be perceived as a complete figure
52
Gestalt: Pragnanz
perceptual organization will always be as regular/simple as possible
53
Signal detection theory
The effect of nonsensory factors such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception and stimuli
54
Endolymph is found in the ________ labyrinth and while perilymph is found in the _______lablabyrinth
Endolymph is found in the membranous labyrinth and while perilymph is found in the bony lablabyrinth
55
Identity and hierarchy of salience
we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at a given moment
56
What are the three components of self in the self-discrepancy theory?
1. actual self
2. ideal self
3.ought self
57
What are the stages of freud's theory of psychosocial development and the ages they occur?
1. oral stage (0-1)
2. anal stage (1-3)
3. phallic stage (3-5)
4. Latency (5-puberty)
5. genital (puberty)
58
Erickson's theory of psychosocial development
personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts
59
What are the first 4 phases of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
0-1: trust vs mistrust (can I trust the world?)
1-3: autonomy vs shame and doubt (is it okay to be me?)
3-6 initiative vs guilt (Is it okay for me to move, do , act?
6-12: industry vs inferiority (can I make it in the world of people and things?)
60
What are the last 4 stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
12-20: Identity vs role confusion (who am I/what could I be)
20-40: Intimacy vs isolation (Can I love?)
40-65: generativity vs stagnation (Can I make my life count?)
65-death: Integrity vs despair (Is it okay to have been me?)
61
Lawrence Kohlberg developed
the theory of moral reasoning
62
What are the 3 phases of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?
1. Pre-conventional morality (adolescence)
2. Conventional morality (adolescence-adulthood)
3. post-conventional morality (adulthood if at all)
63
What are the 3 major entities in Freud's model of the psychoanalytic perspective? Briefly describe each
1. Id (primal urges ie survive and reproduce)
2. ego (integrates id into reality)
3. superego (morals, judging, guilt, pride)
64
Repression is _________ while suppression is ____
Repression is subconscious and suppression is conscious
65
The Rorschach inkblot test relies on the idea that
clients project their unconscious feelings onto the shape
66
Sublimation
the transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
67
What are 4 important Jungian archetypes
1. Persona (the aspect of our personality we present to the world)
2. Anima (a man's inner woman-ie performing tasks normally ascribed to women )
3. Animus (a woman's inner man-performing tasks normally ascribed to men (wanting to be in power etc))
4. Shadow unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts
68
Who's work laid the groundwork for the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
Jung
69
Who was the psychoanalysts who originated the concept of the inferiority complex?
Adler
70
What are the big 5 traits of personality?
OCEAN
Openness
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
71
Androgeny can be defined as _____masculinity and _______femininity
high and high!
low and low would be undifferentiated
72
self-efficacy
an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
73
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development theory
children often can't perform tasks by themselves but will with help from a more knowledgeable observer
74
Neuroticism
high emotional arousal in stressful situations
75
social facilitation
people perform better when they are around other people
76
What does the Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation say about performing simple and complex tasks?
social facilitation (being around others causing arousal) enhances tasks one is already good at (simple tasks) but does the opposite for less familiar tasks (complex tasks)
77
antinormative behavior
when in a group and deindividuation occurs, could lead to not socially acceptable behavior (violence in crowds and riots)
78
social loafing
reducing effort when in a group setting
79
identity shift effect
changing beliefs or behavior due to peer pressure
80
identity shift effect is an example of
cognitive dissonance
81
Who did conformity experiments?
Solomon Asch; people change their answers or second guess them when others have different answers
82
Groupthink
desire for social harmony results in less opinions being heard and results in people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
83
What is one alternative to cultural assimilation?
Ethnic enclaves (locations with a high concentration of a specific ethnicity)
84
Assimilation vs multiculturalism
assimilation: usually uneven merging of cultures; a melting pot
multiculturalism: celebration of coexisting cultures; a cultural mosaic
85
counterculture
when a subculture group gravitates towards an identity at odds with main culture
86
primary vs secondary socialization
primary: childhood learning of acceptable actions and attitudes in society
secondary: outside of home, learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of society (ie dif behaviors of sports, school, church)
87
informal vs formal sanctions
informal: social groups (exclusion)
formal: the law
88
agent of socialization
any part of society that is important when learning social norms
89
deviance and social stigma
deviance any violation of norms
social stigma: extreme disapproval based on their distance from social norms
90
role engolfment
When an assumed label takes over an individuals identity
91
differential association theory (social)
exposure to people with deviant behavior lays the groundwork for people themselves to have deviant behavior
92
Strain theory and example
deviance occurs when there is a disconnect between social goals and structure
ex. American dream acquiring wealth thru hard work, but structure doesn't allow that, could result in theft (deviance)
93
internalization vs identification
Both types of conformity:
Internalization: changing behaviors to fit with a group while privately agreeing with a group
identification: outward acceptance, but don't personally take on these ideas
94
foot-in-the-door vs door-in-the-face technique
foot in door: make a small request, and after compliance, make a bigger request
door in face: make a large request, denied, make a smaller request
95
What are the components of attitude
ABCs
affective: the way a person feels (im scared of snakes)
behavior: the way a person acts (I'm avoiding snakes)
cognitive: the way someone thinks (Snakes can be dangerous)
96
Functional attitude theory says that attitudes serve what 4 functions?
1. knowledge
2. ego expression
3. adaptation
4. ego defense
97
Learning theory (attitude)
attitudes are developed through different forms of learning and exposure
98
Central route vs peripheral route processing
central: deep thinking, scrutinizing the content of persuasive information
peripheral: superficial details of persuasive info (appearances, slogans, credibility)
99
Central route and peripheral route processing are components of which theory of attitude?
elaboration likelihood model
100
social cognitive theory
people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behavior of others
LEARN FROM OTHER HOW TO BEHAVE
Social (observe others) cognitive (teaches you how to behave)
101
What are the 3 interactive factors of Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation
Personal, Behavioral, environmental factors (related to social cognitive theory)
social cognitive: learn from watching others
102
role conflict vs role strain
role conflict (DIFFERENT ROLES): difficulty satisfying the expectations of multiple roles
role strain (SAME ROLE): difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
103
As group size increases what happens?
trade intimacy for stability
104
reference group
groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves (ie comparing to other med students)
105
Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft theory
community and society
community: close, warm bonds
society: less personal, mutual self-interest
106
System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG) looks at what type of social interactions?
What are 3 main components?
Looks at small group interactions:
dominance v submission
friendliness v unfriendliness
controlled v emotional expressive
dominant, friendly, emotional expressive
107
iron law of oligarchy
democratic of bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
no true democracy!!
108
social construction model of emotions
no biological basis; based on experiences and situational context alone
109
authentic, ideal, and tactical self
authentic: who we truly are negative and positive
ideal: who we want to be under optimal circumstances
tactical: how we market ourselves to adhere to other's expectations
110
dramaturgical approach to impression management and the two components fo it
uses theatrical performance to describe how individuals create images of themselves
front stage self: persona presented to audience
back stage: persona adopted when not in a social situation
111
Verbal communication
transmission of information through words
INCLUDES written language, sign language, Braille alphabet
112
Bureaucracies are normally not defined by
elections by constituents
decisions made by satte officials not elected representatives
113
impression management strategy of aligning actions
providing socially acceptable reasons to explain unexpected behavior
laughing at a funeral; you're uncomfortable and sad
114
The ought self is most similar to the _______
tactical self
115
What is the difference between a confounding and mediating variable?
confounding: 3rd unrelated variable that is responsible for both DV and IV
mediating: explains the association between two variables through a causal relationship
116
What are 4 things produced in the anterior pituitary?
FLAT PEG
FSH, LH, AcTH, TSH, Prolactin, endorphins, GH
endorphins
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
growth hormone (GH)
117
During opioid withdrawal you would expect pupil______
pupillary dilation
OPPOSITE of symptoms while using opioids
118
What is the key idea of drive-reduction theory? What would they say depression stems from?
Drive-reduction theorists: motivation arises from desire to eliminate drives which create uncomfortable internal states
119
Abnormal functioning of which 3 brain regions could play a role in developing depression?
1. Frontal lobe
2. Limbic system
3.hypothalamus
120
Incidence vs prevalence of a disease
incidence: # of new cases
prevalence: how common a disease is
121
Key feature of operant conditioning
reward and punishment- if a question asks about operant conditioning then either of these should be clear
122
What does social constructionism suggest? Give an example of gender
social constructionism: people develop understanding/knowledge thru interactions with others thru language
gender: women say thank you often because they were told to "be a good girl" when growing up
123
Hans Eysenck promoted what view of personality?
Biological perspective-influence of genetics and brain biology in determining an individuals behavior
EYE-> Biology
124
What is the definition of attrition bias?
Attrition: people drop out of study for reasons that may skew data (don't collect their data points)
125
Neustress
neutral stress: something that is stressfu but that your body doesn't perceive as good or bad for you
Example: news of a natural disaster
126
Deductive vs inductive reasoning
deductive reasoning: top-down process applying broad principles to specific situations
inductive: bottom-up processing using specific situations to identify broad principles
127
What are 3 components of emotion?
1. physiological arousal
2. expressive displays
3. subjective experiences
128
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction
variable-ratio
129
Construct validity of a study
manner in which terms of the study are defined
130
Representative heuristic
reasoning based on stereotypical views
ie what type of people will be math majors
131
Hawthorne effect definition
Behavioral changes in subjects during a study because they know they are being observed
132
Discrimination, unlike prejudice and stereotyping result in
changes in behavior
133
define cognitive dissonance theory
people desire consistency between their thoughts values and actions, and when these 3 don't align there is cognitive dissonance
134
the behavior of individuals in the Stanford prison experiment can best be described by which two terms
1. Deindividuation: loss of sense of self which lead to antinormative behavior
2. Internalization: changed beliefs to match those of the group
135
During groupthink risk-taking _____
increases (when supported by the group)
136
Internalization
Changing your opinion to match the group, but also taking on those beliefs yourself
137
Self-serving bias
Successes: internal reasons
Failures: external factors
138
Confirmation bias
Believe information supporting beliefs, dismiss evidence refuting beliefs, and interpret ambiguous as supporting
139
front stage vs back stage behavior
front stage: behaviors that are typically performance based, (show, race, etc) in front of others
back stage: those behaviors typically done in private
140
Parkinsons is caused by
decreased dopamine signaling
141
________ levels is associated with depression
seratonin
142
Blocking reuptake of something would
increase (potentiate) its effects in the body
143
144
Symbolic interactionism
micro level (individual) perception on how certain things in society having meaning and value
145
self-efficacy
a person's belief in their ability to achieve a particular outcome
146
deindididuation
giving up self-awareness and responsibility in large groups
"mob mentality"
147
kinesthetic system focused on
balance and an individual's sense of their body in the world. Two senses involved are movement (kinesthesia) and limb position (proprioception)
148
What are Paul Ekman's 7 universal human emotions
anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, contempt, fear, and surprise
149
T-tests vs regression
t-tests: comparing means of groups
regression: predict scores from independent variables
150
Chomsky's main point
language acquisition theory: individuals have an innate language acquisition capacity
151
Vygotsky's social learning theory
the role of people and interactions in learning skills
152
absolute vs relative poverty
absolute: standards under which people cannot satisfy basic survival needs (water, clothing, food, etc)
relative: is a level of poverty relative to the rest of the population or their social group
153
Alzheimers is a form of
dementia
154
Stage 1 of sleep
theta waves, light sleep
eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows
155
Stage 2 of sleep
theta waves with occasional bursts of sleep spindles
eye movement stops and brain waves become slower
156
Stage 3 of sleep
delta waves
deep sleep, typically 30 min
sleepwalking and bed wetting typically occur at the end of stage
157
During what stage of the sleep cycle does sleepwalking and bedwetting happen?
end of stage 3
158
What is the length of a sleep cycle in children compared to adults?
childhood: 50 minutes
parents: 90 minutes
159
Animals with low sexual dimorphisms typically display what mating?
pair bonds and mate for life
160
stimulus motives
motive that appears to be unlearned but increases stimulation (like curiosity)
innate but not necessary
161
Stanley Milgram is associated with
obedience studies
162
informed pressure
a type of conformity pressure, in which one changes their answer to to match that of a group they believe to be more informed then them
163
Which system regulates emotions?
The limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and others)
164
Shadowing
Tests selective attention; repeat the number or words, or shadow the intended message
165
Where are the brain areas that process linguistic information?
Left hemisphere
166
Avoidance vs escape learning
167
vasodilation
smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels relaxes
168
shock absorption and insulation happen in which skin layer?
hypodermis, or subcutaneous
169
What does not diminish as a person ages in terms of memory?
ability to retrieve general information
semantic and crystallized intelligence
170
Where are cones located
the fovea
171
linguistic relativity hypothesis
human cognition is affected by language
ie. I can distinguish bEtter between fruits I know the name of than those that I don't
172
social loafing refers to the fact that people are more productive
alone than in a group
173
individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long term rewards have which type of intelligence?
emotional intelligence
174
Every time a volunteer in a sleep study begins to exhibit rapid eye movements (REM), the experimenter wakes the person up. On the following night, when his or her sleep is uninterrupted, the person will most likely:
have the same sleep pattern as before the study.
This is called REM- rebound
175
What are the 3 main components of SES
occupation, income, education
176
The standard version of a dichotic listening task involves:
presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear.
177
What type of scan is best used for studying the activation in particular brain regions
PET
178
What are two examples of primary groups
1. family
2. close peer group
179
NMDA receptors are a subtype of which group of receptors
glutamate receptors
180
sensory interaction
sensory interaction is the idea that one sensory modality (e.g., vision) may influence another (e.g., balance)
181
Misattribution of arousal
Attributing arousal to the wrong cause
182
In Mead's theory of the nature of self, how does he differentiate between the "me" and "I"
In Mead’s theory of the nature of the self, the self is divided into the “I” and the “me.” The “me” is the collection of attitudes taken from society, whereas the “I” is the autonomous sense of self that reacts to the “me.”
183
Cultural capital
the degree to which an individual has traits that allow him or her to command influence within society. This concept is distinct from social capital, because social capital refers to connections or structures that facilitate those connections, whereas cultural capital describes factors like education, manner of speech, and style of dress.
184
What brain regions generally constitute the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and hypothalamus.
185
How do the super ego, ego, and Id break up between the conscious, subconscious, and preconscious mind?
186
Prescriptive vs descriptive in sociology
prescriptive refers to what an individual believes should occur, while descriptive refers to what one perceives as actually occurring
187
Transference vs projection
188
Self serving bias
the tendency people have to credit their successes to themselves and their failures either to the actions of others or to situations
189
What are the 3 components of weberian stratification
The “three-component theory of stratification,” or “Weberian stratification,” is a framework that states that class, prestige, and power influence the way that individuals treat one another. Although gender may lead to stratification, it is not one of the three factors named by this theory.
190
Break down the major (5) theories of language and cognition (how they effect each other)
191
What are 3 main theories of language acquisition?
192
Explain critical period of language development
193
What are age related cognitive effects? What things decline/stay stable?
194
Reminiscence bump
older adults tend to remember events from their youth and young adulthood more easily than events that happened later
195
Language centers are on which side of the brain?
Left!
visual processing of right is on left hemisphere; language centers also left
196
Binocular Cues (common) vs monocular cues (common)
binocular: convergence, retinal disparity
monocular: motion parallax, size, constancy, height, shading and contour
197
absolute threshold of sensation
the minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
198
Otolithic organs and what they do
utricle and saccule; help detect linear acceleration and head positioning
199
______ and _______ form the ciliary body and act together to secrete aqueous humor
suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle
200
Phototransduction cascade
1. Rod (has rhodopsin protein which contains retinal)
When light hits, retinal changes conformation from bent to straight)
2. Signal transduction cascade involving cGMP, GMP, Na+
3. Eventually leads to excitation of bipolar cells
4. activates retinal ganglion cell which sends signal to optic nerve to brain
201
Blind spot
where optic nerve connects to retina (no rods or cones)
202
Parallel processing
see all at the same time; simultaneously processing incoming stimuli (ie color (cones), motion (magnocellular) and form (parvocellular))
203
Stapes is attached to
the oval (elliptical window)
204
How does the organ of corti work?
upper and lower membrane with hair cells
hair cells made of kinocilium filaments and tip of each kinocilium attached by a tip link
-tip link is attached to gate of K channel, which activates Ca+ and causes spiral ganglion cell to activate auditory nerve
205
In Freud's dream theory, what are examples of latent and manifest content?
Manifest: monster chasing you
Latent: job pushing you out
206
Activation synthesis dream hypothesis
dreams and activated in the brain stem and synthesized in the cortex
Our brain is simply trying to find meaning from random brain activity. Therefore might not even have any meaning
207
Increased skin conductivity is controlled by what system?
Sympathetic nervous system
208
Unconditioned Stimuli
a stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior
209
Discriminating stimuli
Signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment (operant conditioning)
210
A RIGID behaviorist holds what belief?
Only actual outcomes of a behavior determine whether that behavior will be repeated NOT mental processes.
This paragraph since it's talking about beliefs influences (mental states) makes it not something that a RIGID behvaioralist would hold
211
Extrinsic motivation
Any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior based on external reward (like money or fame)
212
Carl Rogers:
Humanistic; importance of congruency between self-concept and our action to feel fulfilled
213
Who are the two big theorists associated with humanistic theory?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
214
What are key difference between Rogers and Maslow?
Maslow actualizes and rogers accepts
self-actualization
acceptance or unconditional positive regard
215
Congruency
importance between self-concept and our actions to be fulfilled; decreasing the gap between actual self and ideal self
216
Observer bias
Any bias on the part of the observers recording the data. Broad
217
Glass escalator concept
men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women will quickly ascend the career ladder
218
Labeling theory
people are often placed into social categories, one of which could be a stigmatized category. Deals with primary deviance (no big consequences, mild rxn) and secondary deviance (more serious consequences, sever rxn that produces a stigmatizing label)
219
What are the 3 theories about deviance?
Differential association: deviance is learned from contact with people that violate norms and laws (learned to take steroids as an athlete from teammates)
Labeling theory: a behavior is deviant if people have judged the behavior and label it as deviant (teammates label taking steroids as deviant and label/social stigma you)
Strain theory: blocked from achieving goal, may become frustrated and turned to deviance (team lacks proper funding resources to get better, so athlete becomes frustrated and turns to steroids to be better)
220
Status group
defined based on things like prestige, tend to be described through social institutions (ie professor and student)
221
Group affiliation is likely to be greatest when
the members share similarites (outlooks, skills, knowledge, other cultural capital
222
Maladaptiveness criterion
whether a behavior negatively impacts a persons life or poses threat to others
If a psychologist says "It depends on whether or not this fear interferes with the person’s life.” they're talking about maladaptiveness
223
High levels of dopamine are associated with______low levels of dopamine are associated with______
high levels dopamine: schizophrenia
low levels dopamine: parkinsons
224
The two common inhibitory neuro transmitters and where the act:
GABA: Brain
Glycine: spinal cord
225
Dopamine inhibits ______in the hypothalamus
prolactin
226
Participants asked to respond to questions about their childhood are retrieving what type of information?
Autobiographical (episodic mostly, and tangentially semantic)
227
Overextension
applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only superficial resemblance
228
Medicalization
the process in which a social problem comes to be defined as a disease or disorder
229
Symbolic interactionism looks at
small-scale view of small interactions between individuals
230
Auditory hair cells are ______ receptors
mechanoreceptors
231
Propioreceptors can be found in
vestibular system, muscles, tendons
232
Feature detection
Perceptual discrimination of different aspects of a specific stimuli
Feature detectors are specific neurons that preferentially fire in response to very specific stimuli
233
Sensory adaptation
diminished nervous system response over time to a stimulus that remains constant
234
mental set
when a problem solver gets stuck on a method that worked in the past but is not right for the current problem
235
relative deprivation
the discontent people experience when they believe they are entitled to something but don't get it
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What are some of the major agents of socialization?
Family, friends, school/work, mass media
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What are the 3 major types of capital and distinguish between them
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coercive organizations
forced membership (ie prison)
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Why are community-based approaches to behavior change usually more effective than change being imposed on people?
Community-based: normally culturally relativistic
External organizations: normally ethnocentric
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Who are the 2 main theorists of symbolic interactions?
Charles Cooley and George Mead
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Who are the main two theorists of conflict theory
Karl Marx, Max Weber
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Who are the 2 theorists most often associated with Functionalism
Emilie Durkheim and Talcott Parsons
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Malthusian THeory
Theory of population growth. When populations grow faster than the resources necessary to sustain that population preventative checks (reducing birth rate) positive checks (increasing the death rate) can slow down growth
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What is a Malthusian catastrophe
large-scale positive check that slows or stops population growth
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What are 4 disorders in which bodily symptoms or illnesses are associated with psychological factors? Explain differences
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Absolute vs difference threshold
absolute: intensity at which an individual can detect a stimulus 50% of the time (can detect 50%)
difference: the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time (smallest difference that can be detected 50%)
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Just noticeable difference is related to which law
Weber's law; the proportion of JND to the original stimulus intensity is a constant
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Another name for rational choice theory
social exchange
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Symbolic interactionism's main ideas
1. meaning and value attached to symbols
2. individual interactions based on these symbols
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Social constructionisms main ideas
1. Social actors define what is real
2. Knowledge about the world is based on interactions
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Symbolic interactionism vs social constructionism
Symbolic interactionism: micro, how we change views when we interact with other individuals
Social constructionism: Macro, how we as a society define concepts and objects (ie how we've assigned value to money)
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Besides alcohol, what are 2 major types of depressants?
Barbituates and benzodiazipenes
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What are key parts of the mesolimbic pathway
Nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus
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Cocktail party effect
type of selective attention- ability to concentrate on one voice amongst a crowd
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the shadowing task is used to test
selective attention (to what you're hearing in one hear or the other)
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What are 3 theories of selective attention and blurb
1)Broadbent- sensory info is filtered immediately to sort out things you don't need
2) Deutch& Deutch- filter after the perceptual process
3)Treisman's -Attenuator weakens but does not eliminate input from unattended
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Explicit memory types
semantic memory: remembering simple facts
episodic memory: event-related memories
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Ebbinhaus studied
memory decay over time
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As we age what cognitive abilities are stable, improve, and decline?
Stable: implicit memory
Improve: semantic memory, crystallized IQ, and emotional reasoning
Decline: episodic memory, processing speed, and divided attention
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Retrograde vs anterograde amnesia
retrograde: inability to recall previously encoded, anterograde: inability to encode new memories
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Give an example of priming
hearing apple and asked to name a word starting with A
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4 theories of intelligence overviews:
1. Spearman's idea of general intelligence: single g factor intelligence that underlies everything (spearman=single)
2. Gardner's idea of 8: 8 different intelligences (Gardners=8 letters, 8 intelligences)
3. Galton's idea of hereditary: human ability is hereditary (galton/dalton/natural)
4. Binets idea of mental age: how a child performs to others at same age
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Piaget's theory of language
once children can think a certain way they can use language to describe those thoughts
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Vygotsky language theory
language and thoughts are independent, but converge through development so you can eventually use them at the same time
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Nativist language perspective: idea and key person
Noah Chomsky; language biologically innate
associated: Language acquisition device/universal grammar/critical period 0-9 for learning language
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Learning theory of language development: idea and key person
Skinner; language is formed through operant conditioning, only acquired through reinforcement; also behaviorist
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Interactionalist approach to language development; person and key ideas
Vygotsky; biological and social factors influence how children learn language
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Linguistic relativity hypothesis and strong version of it
cognition and perception are determined by the language one speaks
strong version of it is Sapir-Whorfian hypothesis (language shapes how we experience the world)
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Broca's area is in the______ while wernickes area is in the______
BROCAS: FRONTAL LOBE
Wernicke's: temporal lobe
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Describe the differences between:
Broca's aphasia
Wernicke's aphasia
Global aphasia
conduction aphasia
agraphia
anomia
Broca's aphasia: inability to produce speech
Wernicke's aphasia: inability to comprehend speech
Global aphasia: broca/wernicke both damaged inability to produce or comprehend
conduction aphasia: Articulate fasciculus damages ability to conduct between listening and speaking
agraphia: inability to write
anomia: inability to name things
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Which side of brain is needed for language if split-brain patient?
Left brain!
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Break down the functions of the 4 main parts of the limbic system
Hippo wearing a HAT
Thalamus: sensory relay station
Amygdala: aggression/fear center
Hippocampus: converting short to long term memories (if damaged hard time making new memories)
Hypothalamus: Regulates ANS (fight/flight, rest/digest)
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Positive emotions invoke more memories on the _____ side of hemisphere
left!!
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What are the 3 components of emotion?
Physiological, cognitive, behavioral
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Darwin and emotion
ability to understand emotion is an innate ability
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Paul Ekman and emotion
7 universal emotions (fear, anger, disgust, surprise, contempt, happy, sad)
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The Automatic nervous system works with what brain systems (2) to regulate stress?
Limbic system and reticular activating system (in midbrain going to and from higher brain centers to control arousal and alertness levels
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What are 3 phases of general adaptation syndrome?
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
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What are 5 main somatosensation?
1. position
2. pain
3. temperature
4. vibration
5. touch
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Characteristics of mechanoreceptors
large diameter axon, thick myeline sheath= FAST
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What are signs of lower motor neuron abnormalities
LMN (efferent) atrophy of skeletal muscle, fasciculations (involuntary twitches), hypotonia and hyporeflexia
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What are signs of Upper motor neuron damage
283
Break down key characteristics of divisions of cerebral cortex
284
Where is seratonin released from?
raphe nuclei in midbrain/medulle
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Where is dopamine released from?
VTA and substantia nigra
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2 ways to study brain structure
2 ways to study brain function
2 ways to study brain structure and function
Structure:
CT, MRI
Function:
EEG, MEG
Structure+function:
fMRI (can see blood flow)
PET (inject glucose and see which areas are active)
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What are 3 main types of innate behavioral traits?
Reflexes (knee-jerk), orientation (our change in speed towards or away from a stimulus), fixed-action patterns (performed without interruption
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What is the order in Maslow's hierarchy of need?
1. Physiological – food, water, breathing, sleep. Essential to survive.
2. Safety – safety of employment, health, resources, property.
3. Love – need to belong, intimacy, love.
4. Self-esteem – feel confident and sense of achievement, recognition. Respect.
5. Self-actualization – one reaching their maximal potential, achieving the most one can be. Differs from person to person.
** the one before must always be achieved to move up!
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Incentive theory is most similar to
behaviorism; skinner; operant conditioning
A reward (intangible or tangible is presented after an action---> drives motivation)
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Define attitude and its 3 components
attitude: learned tendency to evaluate things a certain way
ABCS!!!!!
Affect (emotional)
behavioral (how we act)
cognitive (how we form thoughts and beliefs)
“I love yoga because I get to mediate and I believe it helps me relax so I will go to class each week.” – ‘I love yoga’ is emotional,’ I believe it helps me relax’ is cognitive, and behavioural is ‘I will go to class each week’
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Break down the 4 theories that answer the question about how attitude influence behavior
1. theory of planned behavior: we consider implications of our intensions before we behave
2. Attitude to behavior process model: event triggers attitude->behavior
Ex. Tommy has attitude that junk food is unhealthy, because many of his relatives have diseases. So when he’sat home he does not eat chips/soda/candy.
3. Prototype willingness model: behavior is a function of 6 things: past behavior, attitudes, norms, intensions, willingness to engage, prototypes ------All encompassing overview of everything that affects behavior
4.Elaboration Likelihood Model: more cognitive, focuses on why/how of persuasion
central: appeals to quality of argument
peripheral: superficial, non-verbal cues (dress, attractiveness, status)
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Attribution
process of inferring causes of events/behaviors
3 parts: consistency (does person usually behave this way), distinctiveness (does person behave differently in different situations), and consensus (do others behave similarly in situation?).
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Carl Rogers main points
1. Humanist
2. Growth when genuine +acceptance by others= self-concept
3.Congruency between our self-concept and our actions to feel fulfilled
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Main people Biological theory of personality
1. Hans Eyesenk (extroversion level based off reticular formation arousal)
2. Jeffrey Alan Gray: personality governed by 3 brain systems
3. Cloninger: dopamine correlates with higher impulsivity
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People with longer ______ are more likely to be thrill seekers
dopamine-4 receptor
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Behaviorist theory of personality main people and their associations
Skinner- strict behaviorist, operant conditioning
Pavlov- classical conditioning
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Cognitive theory of personality
bridge between classic behaviorism and other theories because it treats thinking as a behavior (NOT true of stringent behaviorists, only actions/external)
298
Anxious-ambivalent vs avoidant attachment styles
anxious ambivalent: Highly anxious then avoid
avoidant: not highly anxious and resist contact with parents
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Reaction Formation
Reaction formation involves minimizing uncomfortable thoughts or emotions by overemphasizing their opposite.
Ex. This is what is being described as the patient insists upon his admiration and love for his partner, even while struggling with feelings of envy and inferiority.
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What are characteristics of Weber's Ideal Bureaucracy?
301
Slower to acquire and more resistant to extinction (think schedules of reinforcement as all partial reinforcement)
302
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What aligns most with labeling theory?
Labeling theory is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior
