Psych Review Flashcards

Question

What are the anatomical findings in Alzheimer's disease and what proteins are involved?

Answer 1

Neuritic plaques of beta-amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein

Answer 2

Basal ganglia and substantia nigra

Answer 3

Discrepancy between the ideal self and the real self

Answer 4

Internal locus of control. Depressed individuals tend to blame themselves for failures, rather than acknowledge environmental factors

Answer 5

It suggests that we form an identity through observing the reactions of others in society to our behavior and their perceptions of us

Answer 6

Formal norms are generally written down, more precisely defined, and carry clearer consequences than informal norms

Answer 7

Prejudice involves the thoughts, attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group. Discrimination involves actual behaviors and actions toward a group based on those prejudices

Answer 8

A self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Answer 9

Mindguarding occurs when individuals in a group actively filter out opinions or facts that go against the opinion of the group. It promotes group think

Answer 10

Compliance \< Identification \< Internalization

Answer 11

Utilitarian organizations use practical incentives, such as money

Answer 12

Posits that identity is not necessarily stable and depends on context. It suggests that we have a front and back stage self

Answer 13

Proximity, appearance, and similarity

Answer 14

Religious affiliation is the religion with which an individual identifies Religiosity refers to the extent of influence and impact that religion has on a person's life

Answer 15

A church is well-integrated into the larger society, while a sect is distinct from larger society. They may have withdrawn from society to practice their beliefs, may be exclusive, and are more likely to be the target of discrimination

Answer 16

The number of children each woman must have to replace the number of people in the population who die Birth rate and death rate must be equal

Answer 17

The potential for social networks to allow for upward mobility Who you know

Answer 18

Lack of availability (fewer health care facilities), lack of resources, lack of health insurance

Answer 19

Ependymal cells are a type of glial cell (support cells for neurons) They produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 20

Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical disturbance **(Hearing, touch)** Chemoreceptors detect particular chemicals **(smell, taste)** Nociceptors detect pain Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature Electromagnetic receptors detect electromagnetic waves **(light)**

Answer 21

Feature detection theory explains how different features of an object in our visual field are processed independently and simultaneously (parallel) These features are then integrates to form a whole image (bottom-up processing)

Answer 22

Short-term - provides energy by mobilizing glycogen and fat stores, increasing breakdown of proteins Long-term - suppresses the immune system

Answer 23

While the filter in Broadbent's model either blocks or allows sensory input, the filter in Treisman's model attenuates sensory input by turning it up or down, rather than blocking it completely

Answer 24

Sensorimotor stage = object permanence (0-2) Preoperational stage = symbolic representation (2-7) Concrete Operational stage = conservation and logical reasoning (7-11) Formal operational stage = abstract and moral reasoning (12+)

Answer 25

Stage 1 sleep = theta waves Stage 2 sleep = theta waves, K complexes, and sleep spindles Stage 3 and 4 sleep = delta waves REM sleep = resemble beta waves but more jagged “sawtooth waves”

Answer 26

Because during REM sleep, brain waves resemble the beta waves seen when an individual is awake, but there is no skeletal muscle movement and the person is nearly paralyzed

Answer 27

Night terrors usually occur during stage 3 while nightmares occur during REM sleep toward morning

Answer 28

Stimulates the GABA and dopamine systems

Answer 29

Avoidance or coping with painful emotions such as depression, anxiety, or trauma

Answer 30

Re-experiencing the traumatic event (flashbacks, nightmares) Hyperarousal/hypervigilance (constantly assessing potential threats around you) Avoidance/withdrawal

Answer 31

Generalization occurs when a stimulus simular to a conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response Discrimination occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus does not elicit the conditioned response

Answer 32

Continuous reinforcement initially would lead to rapid acquisition, followed by intermittent reinforcement to best maintain the behavior

Answer 33

The conditioned stimulus (the bell ringing) must be presented over and over without the unconditioned stimulus (food) being present)

Answer 34

Positive punishment (being stung) would create the fear while negative reinforcement would perpetuate the avoidance of bees

Answer 35

The mouse would have to have a cognitive map of the maze, meaning that thinking is involved. A strict behaviorist perspective only focuses on obserable stimuli and responses, whereas a cognitive map would be unobservable.

Answer 36

The Babinski reflex is in response to the sole of the foot being stroked. The baby's big toes move upward toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out

Answer 37

When the caregiver leaves the room, the securely attached infant will be distressed but consolable. The infant will explore the surroundings. When the caregiver returns, the infant will notice, seek contact, and be more readily consoled

Answer 38

Before 3.5 years, infants have infantile amnesia. They do not have explicit/declarative memory (episodic and semantic memory) They do not have implicit/nondeclarative memory (procedural)

Answer 39

State dependent learning occurs when information is better remembered if one is trying to recall it in the same context as when it was initially encoded. Spreading activation theory suggests that nodes for the contextual cues are linked to nodes from what is trying to be remembered. Therefore, the node activated by a contextual cue would be more connected to the node being sought after, and contribute to its activation through summation Would recall objects that weren't presented but were from the same category as the objects

Answer 40

Id = seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain Superego = seeks to follow moralistic goals and ideals Ego = uses logical thinking and planning to mediate between the id and superego

Answer 41

In **projection**, the individual misattributes the unacceptable thoughts or feelings as coming from another person Blaming your partner for being angry when you're angry In **displacement**, the individual directs the unacceptable feelings towards a less dangerous target, but not misattribute the source of the feelings. Someone who is frustrated at their boss goes home and takes it out on their family

Answer 42

The foundational lower-level of Maslow's hierarchy (physiological needs) correlate to the drives referred to in Drive Reduction Theory. Maslow's hierarchy extends this theory to include other sources of motivation that are pursued once this basic level is met (love and belongingness, self-actualization)

Answer 43

The stress-diathesis model asserts that the manifestation of mental illness depends on both a genetic predisposition and the experience of stress Genetic predisposition is the biological aspect of the biopsychosocial model. The experience of stress depends on sociocultural and psychological influences

Answer 44

Overabundance of dopamine and hypersensitive to dopamine receptors, hyperactivation of temporal lobes, hypoactivation of frontal lobes, smaller brains due to brain atrophy (as evidenced by enlarged ventricles and enlarges sulci/fissures)

Answer 45

Both are rooted in fear of abandonment that may lead to a kind of clinginess in relationships. The relationships of the individual with borderline personality disorder are much more unstable, characterized by extreme mood swings and fluctuations between devaluing and idolizing the other in the relationship.

Answer 46

Parkinson's patients have lost cells in the brain that generate dopamine. L-dopa is the precursor to dopamine and is used in treatment because unlike dopamine, it can cross the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 47

They may either change their previous attitude to match their behavior or they may change their behavior to match their attitudes. The goal is to reduce tension between the two and have them align.

Answer 48

Amalgamation is when cultures combine to form a new, unique group with new practices. Pluralism is when cultures remain distinct and coexist while maintianing their separate practices.

Answer 49

The Post-conventional stage

Answer 50

Low consistency → external attribution Low distinctiveness → intenral attribution Low consensus → Internal attribution

Answer 51

Individuals tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors. Theytend to attribute both the successes and failures of others to internal factors.

Answer 52

Large group size, anonymity, arousing activies, drugs/alcohol, and social roles

Answer 53

Information influence occurs when commong ideas are presented in a group, strengthening support of the already dominant viewpoint Normative influence is based on social desirability, a desire to be admired or liked by others in the group. Both tend to move the group toward strongly holding a common position

Answer 54

Small group size, a lack of unanimity (disagrement by even one individual), a lack of identification among group members, lack of differences in status, lack of accountability, no prior commitment

Answer 55

Role conflict is between multiple statuses, while role strain is conflict within a single status.

Answer 56

Structural functionalism theorizes that each component of society has a purpose that works harmoniously for the benefit of society at large. Conflict theory suggests that components of society compete with each other for limited resources, for their own benefit.

Answer 57

Social are concepts and practices that are agreed upon by a group regardless of any inherent value they may have Drives are based on biological needs

Answer 58

Both symbolic interactionalism and social constructionalism pose that norms are not inherent or real, bit are socially constructed and agreed upon by individuals. Both take the perspective of looking at the meaning applied by people to objective reality at a **micro-level** in order to create these norms. Both emphasize the role of language and communication for forming and maintaining social norms.

Answer 59

Middle and upper-class families *tend* to utilize more permissive or authoritative methods. Lower-class families *tend* to utilize authoritarian styles.

Answer 60

Food deserts are areas where healthy, fresh food is difficult to find and are more common in low-income areas. This lack of availability contributes to higher rates of obesity and diseases in low-income neighborhoods

Answer 61

Difference in manifestation of symptoms, response to medication, and affect on pregnancy

Answer 62

Frontal lobes - voluntary movement, higher order thinking Parietal lobe - tactile sensations and gustation Temporal lobes - audition, olfaction, short term memory, language comprehension, and emotion Occiptal lobes - vision

Answer 63

The *frequency* of action potentials

Answer 64

Axons, soma, and dendrites Action potentials are received by the dendrites and travel down the cell body down the axon

Answer 65

They are memory errors in which a specific recalled experience is falsely attributed to be the source of a particular memory.