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MCAT Comprehensive > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Which type of memory involves recalling general world knowledge?

A

Semantic memory

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2
Q

Is Functionalism a micro or macro level theory?

A

Macro

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3
Q

What is anomie?

A

A lack of moral guidelines in an individual or group

A mismatch between wider social standards of society and individuals

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4
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

Where the subordinate class is aware of their exploitation

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5
Q

What is false consciousness?

A

A lack of awareness of class consciousness, where members of the lower class see themselves as individuals rather than as an exploited group

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6
Q

Symbolic interactionalism is a ___ level theory

A

Micro level theory

Communication via language allows humans to generate meaning through social interaction

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7
Q

Personal vs Social Identity

A

Personal Identity consists of all the personal attributes you consider integral to who you are

Social Identities are socially defined attributes of who you are (age, race)

Social identities can be part of their personal identity

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8
Q

Define Deviance

A

A violation of social normals, both formal and informal

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9
Q

What is the Dramaturgical Perspective?

A

States that people are like performers on stage and play certain roles when interacting with others

Front stage - use impression management

Back stage self - can be ourselves

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10
Q

What is impression management?

A

Conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing perceptions of others

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11
Q

Define self-efficacy

A

Our belief in our abilities, effectiveness, and competence

High self-efficacy means we believe we have control over our situation

Can vary from task to task

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12
Q

Define learned helplessness

A

Occurs when an individual has low self-efficacy and an external locus of control

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13
Q

What is Social Learning Theory?

A

Learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation

  • Known as observational or vicarious learning
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14
Q

What is Social Comparison Theory?

A

States that there is a drive within us to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others.

Thus, our identity is shaped by the comparisons we make and the type of reference groups we have.

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15
Q

What is Role-taking?

A

Also known as social perspective taking

Involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view

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16
Q

What is the Social Facilitation effect?

A

Occurs when the presence of others improves our performance

  • Tends to happen with simple, well-ingrained tasks
17
Q

Define Deindividuation

A

Occurs when there is a high degree of arousal and a low degree of personal responsibility (Mob mentality)

  • More likely to occur when there is a large group of people, there is anonymity, and the activity is arousing
18
Q

What is social loafing?

A

Occurs when individuals in a group are less likely to exert effort than if they were working independently

19
Q

What is groupthink?

A

People in a group try to minimize interpersonal conflict to reach a decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints

More likely to occur when:

Group is overly optimistic and believes strongly in its stance

Group justifies its own decisions while demonizing their opponents

Dissenting opinions are prevented from permeating the group (Mindguarding)

Individuals feel pressure to conform

20
Q

What is group polarization?

A

When a group tends to intensify the preexisting view of the individuals

  • Doesn’t occur when a group becomes more divided on the issue
21
Q

What is the Just World Belief?

A

When we believe bad things happen to others because of their own actions or failure to act.

Somebody gets into an auto accident and doesn’t have insurance, and you think it’s their fault for not having insurance

22
Q

What are the three key elements to persuasion?

A

Message characteristics - features of the message itself

Source characteristics - characteristics of the person delivering the message

Target characteristics - characteristics of the person receiving the letter

23
Q

What is the Elaboration-likelihood model?

A

Proposes that there are two cognitive routes of persuasion

  1. Central route - people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself
    1. If the central route is taken, people will process the message more deeply, the persuasion will be longer lasting and more resistant to counter opinions
  2. Peripheral route - people focus on the superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or orator
    1. If the peripheral route is taken, the audience processes the message more superficially, the persuasion is more temporary
24
Q

What is the Halo effect?

A

We tend to think that attractive people are good and trustworthy

25
Q

What is the low-ball technique?

A

Involves making an attractive offer and then changing the terms of the deal

  • Offer a low price initially and hike it up later, the person is less likely to say no because they’ve already committed
26
Q

What is the Door-in-face technique?

A

Make an unreasonable request initially that the person is likely to refuse, followed up with a more reasonable proposition.

  • The individual is more likely to look more favorable on the second offer because it is more attractive in comparison
27
Q

Prejudice vs Discrimination

A

Prejudice is an unjustified belief about a group, discrimination is the resulting behavior

28
Q

What is Exchange mobility?

A

Suggests that the economic classes of society maintain a relatively static number of individuals

If a certain number of individuals move up in class, a similar number is expected to move down in class

29
Q

What is the Life Course Perspective?

A

A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social, and structural perspective

How important past events in one’s life impacts their decisions later on

  • Family structure, SES, demographics, disorder prevalence, age, health, major life events
30
Q

Which theories are under the Psychoanalytic perspective?

A

Freud and Erikson’s stages of development

31
Q

What does the Psychoanalytic Perpective pose?

A

Believes that much of our personality is driven by unconscious motivations and desires

All behavior is motivated by the libido (life instinct) and death instinct

  • Libido* - drives behaviors based on pleasure and avoidance of pain
  • Death instinct* - drives behaviors fueled by the unconscious desire to die, hurt oneself, or others

Freud states that the human psyche could be divided into the Id, Ego, and Superego

32
Q

What are Freud’s stages of development?

A

Oral - 0-1 - orally aggressive - verbally abusive; orally passive - smoking, eating

Anal - 1-3 - anally retentive - tidy; anally expulsive - disorganized

Phallic (3-6) - Oedipus complex - males; Electra complex - females

Latency (6-12) - sexual feelings are dormant

Genital (12+) - frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships

33
Q

What are Erikson’s stages of development?

A
  1. Trust vs Mistrust (0-1) Infancy
  2. Autonomy vs Shame (1-3)
  3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-6) Preschool
  4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-12) School age
  5. Identity vs Role confusion (12-20) adolescence
  6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40) Young adult
  7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60) Middle aged
  8. Integrity vs Despair (Later life)
34
Q

What is the Humanist Perspective?

A

Asserts that humans are inherently good and that conflicts arise when people are prevented from reaching their potential

Carl Roger’s Theory of Personality

Main goal was the development of a self-concept, which was influenced by unconditional and conditional positive regard

Conditional positive regard leads to the idea of incongruence - where there is a discrepnancy between the real self and ideal self

People raised with unconditional positive regard have the opportunity to achieve self-actualization

35
Q

What are the Id, Ego, and Superego respectively?

A

Id - Avoid pain and seek pleasure

Ego - logical thinking and planning

Superego - moral judgements of what is right and wrong; strives for perfection

Freud stated that there is constant tension between the three and that they were largely unconscious

36
Q

What is the Behaviorist Perspective?

A

Developed by B.F. Skinner

Suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment

States that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determines an individuals behavior and personality

  • Developed through classical and operant conditioning
37
Q

What is the Social Cognitive Perspective?

A

Personality results from reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

Is a result of nature and nurture

MCAT Comprehensive (10 decks)

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