Psych

Question 1

Which type of memory involves recalling general world knowledge?

Answer 1

Semantic memory

Question 2

Is Functionalism a micro or macro level theory?

Answer 2

Macro

Question 3

What is anomie?

Answer 3

A lack of moral guidelines in an individual or group

A mismatch between wider social standards of society and individuals

Question 4

What is class consciousness?

Answer 4

Where the subordinate class is aware of their exploitation

Question 5

What is false consciousness?

Answer 5

A lack of awareness of class consciousness, where members of the lower class see themselves as individuals rather than as an exploited group

Question 6

Symbolic interactionalism is a ___ level theory

Answer 6

Micro level theory

Communication via language allows humans to generate meaning through social interaction

Question 7

Personal vs Social Identity

Answer 7

Personal Identity consists of all the personal attributes you consider integral to who you are

Social Identities are socially defined attributes of who you are (age, race)

Social identities can be part of their personal identity

Question 8

Define Deviance

Answer 8

A violation of social normals, both formal and informal

Question 9

What is the Dramaturgical Perspective?

Answer 9

States that people are like performers on stage and play certain roles when interacting with others

Front stage - use impression management

Back stage self - can be ourselves

Question 10

What is impression management?

Answer 10

Conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing perceptions of others

Question 11

Define self-efficacy

Answer 11

Our belief in our abilities, effectiveness, and competence

High self-efficacy means we believe we have control over our situation

Can vary from task to task

Question 12

Define learned helplessness

Answer 12

Occurs when an individual has low self-efficacy and an external locus of control

Question 13

What is Social Learning Theory?

Answer 13

Learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation

• Known as observational or vicarious learning

Question 14

What is Social Comparison Theory?

Answer 14

States that there is a drive within us to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others.

Thus, our identity is shaped by the comparisons we make and the type of reference groups we have.

Question 15

What is Role-taking?

Answer 15

Also known as social perspective taking

Involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view

Question 16

What is the Social Facilitation effect?

Answer 16

Occurs when the presence of others improves our performance

• Tends to happen with simple, well-ingrained tasks

Question 17

Define Deindividuation

Answer 17

Occurs when there is a high degree of arousal and a low degree of personal responsibility (Mob mentality)

• More likely to occur when there is a large group of people, there is anonymity, and the activity is arousing

Question 18

What is social loafing?

Answer 18

Occurs when individuals in a group are less likely to exert effort than if they were working independently

Question 19

What is groupthink?

Answer 19

People in a group try to minimize interpersonal conflict to reach a decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints

More likely to occur when:

Group is overly optimistic and believes strongly in its stance

Group justifies its own decisions while demonizing their opponents

Dissenting opinions are prevented from permeating the group (Mindguarding)

Individuals feel pressure to conform

Question 20

What is group polarization?

Answer 20

When a group tends to intensify the preexisting view of the individuals

• Doesn’t occur when a group becomes more divided on the issue

Question 21

What is the Just World Belief?

Answer 21

When we believe bad things happen to others because of their own actions or failure to act.

Somebody gets into an auto accident and doesn’t have insurance, and you think it’s their fault for not having insurance

Question 22

What are the three key elements to persuasion?

Answer 22

Message characteristics - features of the message itself

Source characteristics - characteristics of the person delivering the message

Target characteristics - characteristics of the person receiving the letter

Question 23

What is the Elaboration-likelihood model?

Answer 23

Proposes that there are two cognitive routes of persuasion

1. Central route - people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself
   
   1. If the central route is taken, people will process the message more deeply, the persuasion will be longer lasting and more resistant to counter opinions
2. Peripheral route - people focus on the superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or orator
   
   1. If the peripheral route is taken, the audience processes the message more superficially, the persuasion is more temporary

Question 24

What is the Halo effect?

Answer 24

We tend to think that attractive people are good and trustworthy

Question 25

What is the **low-ball technique?**

Answer 25

Involves making an attractive offer and then changing the terms of the deal * Offer a low price initially and hike it up later, the person is less likely to say no because they've already committed

Question 26

What is the **Door-in-face** technique?

Answer 26

Make an unreasonable request initially that the person is likely to refuse, followed up with a more reasonable proposition. * The individual is more likely to look more favorable on the second offer because it is more attractive in comparison

Question 27

Prejudice vs Discrimination

Answer 27

Prejudice is an unjustified belief about a group, discrimination is the resulting behavior

Question 28

What is **Exchange mobility?**

Answer 28

Suggests that the economic classes of society maintain a relatively static number of individuals If a certain number of individuals move up in class, a similar number is expected to move down in class

Question 29

What is the **Life Course Perspective?**

Answer 29

A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social, and structural perspective How important past events in one's life impacts their decisions later on * Family structure, SES, demographics, disorder prevalence, age, health, major life events

Question 30

Which theories are under the Psychoanalytic perspective?

Answer 30

Freud and Erikson's stages of development

Question 31

What does the *Psychoanalytic Perpective* pose?

Answer 31

Believes that *much of our personality* is driven by **unconscious motivations and desires** All behavior is motivated by the **libido (life instinct)** and **death instinct** * Libido* - drives behaviors based on pleasure and avoidance of pain * Death instinct* - drives behaviors fueled by the unconscious desire to die, hurt oneself, or others Freud states that the human psyche could be divided into the Id, Ego, and Superego

Question 32

What are **Freud's** stages of development?

Answer 32

**Oral** - 0-1 - *orally aggressive* - verbally abusive; *orally passive* - smoking, eating **Anal** - 1-3 - *anally retentive* - tidy; *anally expulsive* - disorganized **Phallic** (3-6) - *Oedipus complex* - males; *Electra complex* - females **Latency** (6-12) - sexual feelings are dormant **Genital** (12+) - frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships

Question 33

What are **Erikson's** stages of development?

Answer 33

1. **Trust vs Mistrust** *(0-1)* Infancy 2. **Autonomy vs Shame** *(1-3)* 3. **Initiative vs Guilt** (*3-6)* Preschool 4. **Industry vs Inferiority** *(6-12)* School age 5. **Identity vs Role confusion** *(12-20)* adolescence 6. **Intimacy vs Isolation** *(20-40)* Young adult 7. **Generativity vs Stagnation** *(40-60)* Middle aged 8. **Integrity vs Despair** (Later life)

Question 34

What is the **Humanist** Perspective?

Answer 34

Asserts that **humans are inherently good** and that conflicts arise when people are prevented from reaching their potential **Carl Roger's** *Theory of Personality* Main goal was the development of a **self-concept,** which was influenced by **unconditional** and **conditional positive regard** Conditional positive regard leads to the idea of *incongruence* - where there is a discrepnancy between the real self and ideal self People raised with unconditional positive regard have the opportunity to achieve self-actualization

Question 35

What are the Id, Ego, and Superego respectively?

Answer 35

**Id** - Avoid pain and seek pleasure **Ego** - logical thinking and planning **Superego** - moral judgements of what is right and wrong; strives for perfection Freud stated that there is **constant tension between the three** and that *they were largely unconscious*

Question 36

What is the **Behaviorist** Perspective?

Answer 36

Developed by **B.F. Skinner** Suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment States that people begin as **blank slates** and that environmental reinforcement and punishment **completely determines** an individuals behavior and personality * Developed through **classical and operant conditioning**

Question 37

What is the **Social Cognitive** Perspective?

Answer 37

Personality results from *reciprocal interactions* among **behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors** Is a result of **nature and nurture**