Psych Flashcards
Which type of memory involves recalling general world knowledge?
Semantic memory
Is Functionalism a micro or macro level theory?
Macro
What is anomie?
A lack of moral guidelines in an individual or group
A mismatch between wider social standards of society and individuals
What is class consciousness?
Where the subordinate class is aware of their exploitation
What is false consciousness?
A lack of awareness of class consciousness, where members of the lower class see themselves as individuals rather than as an exploited group
Symbolic interactionalism is a ___ level theory
Micro level theory
Communication via language allows humans to generate meaning through social interaction
Personal vs Social Identity
Personal Identity consists of all the personal attributes you consider integral to who you are
Social Identities are socially defined attributes of who you are (age, race)
Social identities can be part of their personal identity
Define Deviance
A violation of social normals, both formal and informal
What is the Dramaturgical Perspective?
States that people are like performers on stage and play certain roles when interacting with others
Front stage - use impression management
Back stage self - can be ourselves
What is impression management?
Conscious or unconscious process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing perceptions of others
Define self-efficacy
Our belief in our abilities, effectiveness, and competence
High self-efficacy means we believe we have control over our situation
Can vary from task to task
Define learned helplessness
Occurs when an individual has low self-efficacy and an external locus of control
What is Social Learning Theory?
Learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation
- Known as observational or vicarious learning
What is Social Comparison Theory?
States that there is a drive within us to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing ourselves to others.
Thus, our identity is shaped by the comparisons we make and the type of reference groups we have.
What is Role-taking?
Also known as social perspective taking
Involves understanding the cognitive and affective aspects of another person’s point of view
What is the Social Facilitation effect?
Occurs when the presence of others improves our performance
- Tends to happen with simple, well-ingrained tasks
Define Deindividuation
Occurs when there is a high degree of arousal and a low degree of personal responsibility (Mob mentality)
- More likely to occur when there is a large group of people, there is anonymity, and the activity is arousing
What is social loafing?
Occurs when individuals in a group are less likely to exert effort than if they were working independently
What is groupthink?
People in a group try to minimize interpersonal conflict to reach a decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints
More likely to occur when:
Group is overly optimistic and believes strongly in its stance
Group justifies its own decisions while demonizing their opponents
Dissenting opinions are prevented from permeating the group (Mindguarding)
Individuals feel pressure to conform
What is group polarization?
When a group tends to intensify the preexisting view of the individuals
- Doesn’t occur when a group becomes more divided on the issue
What is the Just World Belief?
When we believe bad things happen to others because of their own actions or failure to act.
Somebody gets into an auto accident and doesn’t have insurance, and you think it’s their fault for not having insurance
What are the three key elements to persuasion?
Message characteristics - features of the message itself
Source characteristics - characteristics of the person delivering the message
Target characteristics - characteristics of the person receiving the letter
What is the Elaboration-likelihood model?
Proposes that there are two cognitive routes of persuasion
-
Central route - people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself
- If the central route is taken, people will process the message more deeply, the persuasion will be longer lasting and more resistant to counter opinions
-
Peripheral route - people focus on the superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or orator
- If the peripheral route is taken, the audience processes the message more superficially, the persuasion is more temporary
What is the Halo effect?
We tend to think that attractive people are good and trustworthy
What is the low-ball technique?
Involves making an attractive offer and then changing the terms of the deal
- Offer a low price initially and hike it up later, the person is less likely to say no because they’ve already committed
What is the Door-in-face technique?
Make an unreasonable request initially that the person is likely to refuse, followed up with a more reasonable proposition.
- The individual is more likely to look more favorable on the second offer because it is more attractive in comparison
Prejudice vs Discrimination
Prejudice is an unjustified belief about a group, discrimination is the resulting behavior
What is Exchange mobility?
Suggests that the economic classes of society maintain a relatively static number of individuals
If a certain number of individuals move up in class, a similar number is expected to move down in class
What is the Life Course Perspective?
A multidisciplinary approach developed to understand individual lives from a cultural, social, and structural perspective
How important past events in one’s life impacts their decisions later on
- Family structure, SES, demographics, disorder prevalence, age, health, major life events
Which theories are under the Psychoanalytic perspective?
Freud and Erikson’s stages of development
What does the Psychoanalytic Perpective pose?
Believes that much of our personality is driven by unconscious motivations and desires
All behavior is motivated by the libido (life instinct) and death instinct
- Libido* - drives behaviors based on pleasure and avoidance of pain
- Death instinct* - drives behaviors fueled by the unconscious desire to die, hurt oneself, or others
Freud states that the human psyche could be divided into the Id, Ego, and Superego
What are Freud’s stages of development?
Oral - 0-1 - orally aggressive - verbally abusive; orally passive - smoking, eating
Anal - 1-3 - anally retentive - tidy; anally expulsive - disorganized
Phallic (3-6) - Oedipus complex - males; Electra complex - females
Latency (6-12) - sexual feelings are dormant
Genital (12+) - frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships
What are Erikson’s stages of development?
- Trust vs Mistrust (0-1) Infancy
- Autonomy vs Shame (1-3)
- Initiative vs Guilt (3-6) Preschool
- Industry vs Inferiority (6-12) School age
- Identity vs Role confusion (12-20) adolescence
- Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40) Young adult
- Generativity vs Stagnation (40-60) Middle aged
- Integrity vs Despair (Later life)
What is the Humanist Perspective?
Asserts that humans are inherently good and that conflicts arise when people are prevented from reaching their potential
Carl Roger’s Theory of Personality
Main goal was the development of a self-concept, which was influenced by unconditional and conditional positive regard
Conditional positive regard leads to the idea of incongruence - where there is a discrepnancy between the real self and ideal self
People raised with unconditional positive regard have the opportunity to achieve self-actualization
What are the Id, Ego, and Superego respectively?
Id - Avoid pain and seek pleasure
Ego - logical thinking and planning
Superego - moral judgements of what is right and wrong; strives for perfection
Freud stated that there is constant tension between the three and that they were largely unconscious
What is the Behaviorist Perspective?
Developed by B.F. Skinner
Suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment
States that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determines an individuals behavior and personality
- Developed through classical and operant conditioning
What is the Social Cognitive Perspective?
Personality results from reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
Is a result of nature and nurture
