psych of aging midterm Flashcards
scientific study of the development process of aging from maturity through old age
- scientific study of older people as a group
gerontology
form of discrimination against older adults based on their age
ageism
middle age
- mid-life crisis
early adulthood
- people think we are stupid, lazy
- we use technology to much
- don’t know how to interact with people
age-related stereotypes across adulthood
calendar year
- donesn’t take in the whole picture
chronological age
functional level of the biological system
biological age
ability to live independently
- basic activities of daily living
- instrumental activities od dialy living
functional age
personal hygiene or grooming, dressing, toileting, transferring or ambulating, and eating
basic activities of daily living (BADLs)
managing finances and medications, food preparation, housekeeping, and laundry
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
the roles and norms prescribed by a culture about what should or shouldn’t happen at all
social (cultural) age
memory, intelligence, emotions
psychological age
how old we “feel”
percieved age
lifelong
- we also have formative changes in adulthood like how we do in childhood
multidimentional
- each system of our being changes
- each system may be influenced at different times
mutlidirectional
- development is both forward and backward. not linear line
plastic
- more changes in brain based on the things we do
historical and cultural context
- historical events, the technology we use and have
Balte’s principles of lifespan development
- normal to occur
- things that happen to almost everyone based on what age
ex: puberty - can also be societal norms
ex: age of marraige, age of when to have kids
age-normative (normative age-graded)
happen at a specific point in time, changes the way we develop
ex: covid, fasion, tehcnology
history-normative
- events/experiences that happen just to you
- things that are common but don’t happen to everyone
- specific to the individual
non-normative influences
- differnces caused by chronological age
- different uses of why we use something
ex: technology
age effects
different experiences between the cohorts
cohort’s effects
normal, disease-free change over the life span
primary aging
developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle and other environmentally induced changes taht are not inevitable
secondary aging
rapid losses that occur shortly before death
tertiary aging
differences that change our data based on the time we are studying
time of measurement effects
same individuals are studied repeatedly over a substantial length of time; intraindividual change
- it takes a long time
- intraindividual change: how participants change over-time
longitudinal
- examines changes within individuals over time (intraindividual change) provides a development analysis
- expansive and time consuming. participants attrition. cohort effects. pratice effects
advantages/disadvantages of longitudinal
samples from several age groups observed/assessed at the same time; interindidivual differences
- multiple samples of different ages
- interindividual changes: changes between the participants. even sompare
cross-sectional
- examines change between participants of different ages at the same point in time (interindidivual change). Provides information on age-related change
- cannot examine change over time. cohort effects
advantages/disadvantages of cross-sectional
assess different groups of people of the same age at different historical times
ex: adolescnets in 1970, 1990, 2010)
- different groups of people and compare them
- taking different groups of people and compare them
can look at how the historical time changes how the participants differ or compare
time-lag
combinations of cross-sectional and longitudinal design
- running multiple designs at the same time
sequential
running many longitudinal designs
- can examine the intraindividual
- can also do interindidivual comparing
time-sequential
timeline of social expectations
social clock
puberty, menopause, physical abilities
biological clock
phsycial location
- house, apartment, public transportation
physical environment
things you use and consume
- food stores, computer, doctors, going out to bars/resturants
functional environment
people you interact with. relationships that impact you
- professors, roomates, boyfriends, co-workers
interpersonal environment
personally meaningful that effect/impact/interact with yout environment. things you like or don’t like
subjective envrionment
our immediate contexts; regular interaction
- immediate, direct influence
ex: family, school/work, friends
microsystem
interactions between two or more microsystems
ex: work-life balance, family friends
mesosystem
environmental contexts that do not directly involve the developing person; indirect influences
ex: spouse’s workplace, cimmunity boards
exosystem
social/cultural blueprint, intangible influences
- cultural patterns, political philosophies, economins policies, and social conditions
ex: social norms, religious beliefs, philosophies
macrosystem
temporal context; change over the lifespan, histroical time
chronosystem
internal characteristics about the devloping person
- age, sex, health, abilitiesm temperament
the devleloping person
the knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors that contribute to individual and organizational performance
individual competence
the demands the envrionment puts on people
environmental press
functioning at a comforatable level
adaptive behaviors/level
competence is good but press is more to have more motivation
zone of maximum performance
decreases in press and high competence
zone of maximum comfort
cells have limited number of replications
hayflick limit
- telomeres (tips of chromosomes) get shorter and shorter
- limits the ability to replicate
- stress and exercise
cellular theory (programming senescence)
decreases in efficiency of our immune system
Immunological theory
master genetic control for immune system
main histocompatibility complex (MHC)
hormones play a role in aging process
neuroendocrine theory
axis changes have effcts on the entire body
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
aging as a function of use and improper repair/maintenance
- Unrepairable damage
Wear-and-tear theory
Build-up of free radicals (highly reactive chemicals produced randomly during normal cellular metabolism)
Free radical theory
immune system attacks healthy cells
Autoimmune theory
- Epidermis: thinner and more fragile
- Collagen: fibers less flexible
- Elastin: fibers less springy
- Fat layer: diminishes
Wrinkles are the result of a four-step process
bone loss
osteoporosis
joint loss
osteoarthritis
the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision
cataracts
farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age
presbyopia
a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve
glaucoma
reducation in the size of the pupil that occurs in old age and that is cuased by atrophy of the muscles controlling dilation of the pupil
senile miois
condition affecting the central part of the retina and resulting in distoration or loss of central vision
macular degeneration
bilateral age-related hearing loss
presbycusis
partical loss of sense of taste
Hypogeusia
degeneration of sense of smell due to aging
Presbyosmia
heart condition that include diseased vessels, strutural problems, and blood clots
- is the leading cause of death (1/3) in all ethnic groups in the U.S.
Cardiovascular disease
damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply
stroke
the force of blood agaisnt the artery walls is too high
hypertension
a disease caused by an uncontrolled dividion of abnormal cells in a part of the body
cancer
the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of cardiohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine
diabetes mellitus
the maximum age that a member of a species can survive
lifespan
the average age a person can expect to live based in environmental, lifestyle, behavioral and genetic factors
life expectancy
brief sensory representation of the stimulus that exists in the observable environment
sensroy memory
the amont of attention one has to apply to a particular situation
Processing resources
Older adults may have difficulty inhibiting the processing of irrelevant information
Inhibitory loss
Older adults are just as able to multitask but perform each task a bit more slowly
Attention changes
faculties of the human mind that can hold a limited amount of information temporarily
Short-term memory
information that we do not store purposely and is unintentionally memorized
- Smaller age differences than explicit memory
Implicit memory (procedural memory)
long-term memory thats concerned with recollection of facts and events
- Performance on explicit memory tasks declines with age
Explicit memory (declarative)
type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language
- Knowing the date, the president
- General knowledge of the world
- May increase
semantic memory
long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their contect in terms of time, place, assocaiation emotions
episodic memory
early conceptualized of intelligence viewed it as being one general construct
general intelligence
