PSYCH MIDTERMS Flashcards
supposed humans’ immortal soul was possessed by surviving the physical body, believing that every person is dualistic (body and soul) and that by incessant soul searching he can have a happy life if lived virtuously.
socrates
enumerated three components of the soul: rational (reason and intellect to govern affairs), spirited (emotions should be kept at bay), and appetitive soul (base desires like food, drink, sleep, etc.) which when attained, the person’s soul becomes just and virtuous
plato
proposed the oneness of the body and soul. The soul makes a person a person which is the essence of the self. The three kinds of the soul: a. The Vegetative b. The Sentient c. The Rational. The rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life while the intellect makes a man become aware/knowledgeable as well as an understanding of things around him.
aristotle
proposed the “spirit of man” in medieval philosophy following Plato’s view, adding Christianity. He believed man is of a bifurcated nature; part of man dwells in the world, the other part is capable of reaching immortality. When the body dies on earth, the soul lives in spiritual bliss with God. St. Thomas Aquinas believed man is a combination of matter (hyle) “common stuff that makes up everything in the universe” and form (morphe) “essence of a substance or thing”. The soul makes humans different from animals.
Augustine & Thomas Aquinas
believed a human person is composed of body and mind. He proposed that there is so much that we should doubt, except the existence of self, believing only something which is so clear and lucid. He used “Methodical Doubt” understanding the self. “I think therefore I am”. The self, the cogito (the thing that thinks) + extenza (extension of mind and body). To him, the mind that makes the man believing the body is attached to the mind.
rene descartes
is an empiricist, disagrees with all the aforementioned philosophers saying one can only know what comes from the senses and experiences. One knows a person as human not because he sees the soul but because you see, hear and feel them. To him, the self is nothing but a bundle of impressions (basic objects of experience) and ideas (copies of impressions).
david hume
agrees that everything starts with the perception/sensation of impressions where the MIND regulates these impressions. Time, space are ideas that are built in our minds, not found in the world. The self organizes different impressions that one gets in relation to his own existence, it is not only personality but the seat of knowledge. One needs active intelligence to synthesize all knowledge and experience.
immanuel kant
denies the internal, non-physical self, saying what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life. The self simply refers to the behaviors that we make. “I act, therefore, I Am”. You are what you do”
ryle
a phenomenologist who says the mind-body bifurcation is an invalid problem. According to him, mind and body are inseparable, where the latter is the opening toward his existence to the world. The living body, thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one.
merleau ponty
This approach was pioneered by (1863–1931) an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist. Symbolic interactionism is the study of the patterns of communication, interpretation, and adjustment between individuals. Mead conceptualizes the mind as the individual importation of the social process. For Mead, the self and the mind are like social processes where gestures are taken in by the individual organism and so with the collective attitudes of others and react accordingly with other organized attitudes. Hence, the mind and the self are the products of the communication process.
George Herbert Mead
This is the capacity to become an object to one’s self, to be both subject and object. This process is characterized by Mead as the “I” and the “me.” The “me” is the social self and the “I” is the response to the “me.” In other words, the “I” is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the “me” is the organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes. The “me” is the accumulated understanding of the “generalized other,” i.e. how one thinks one’s group perceives oneself. The “I” is the individual’s impulses. The “I” is self as subject; the “me” is self as object. The “I” is the knower; the “me” is the known. The mind, or stream of thought, is the self-reflective movement of the interaction between the “I” and the “me.” For Mead, the thinking process is the internalized dialogue between the “I” and the “me.”( Boundless.com)
self as reflective process
Some reviews of the sociological self argue that the self is both a social product and a social force (Rosenberg 1981 as cited in Callero, 2003). In the first instance, the self is examined as a bounded, structured object referring to Mead’s “me” whereas in the second instance, the self is examined as a fluid, agentic, and creative response referring to Mead’s “I.” This distinction captures the core principle of a socially constructed self that the self is a joint accomplishment, neither completely determined by the social world nor pregiven at birth (Callero, 2003). Understood as a combination of the “I” and the “me,” Mead’s self proves to be noticeably entwined within a sociological existence. For Mead, existence in a community comes before individual consciousness. First one must participate in the different social positions within society and only subsequently can one use that experience to take the perspective of others and become self-conscious. “It is by means of reflexiveness–the turning-back of the experience of the individual upon himself-that the whole social process is thus brought into the experience of the individuals involved in it”(Mead, 1934 cited in Callero,2003).
self as social construction
The term refers to people shaping their identity based on the perception of others, which leads the people to reinforce other people’s perspectives on themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people’s opinions of themselves.
looking glass self
developed by Canadian sociologist Irving Goffman, the idea that life is like a never-ending play in which people are actors. Goffman believed that when we are born, we are thrust onto a stage called everyday life and that our socialization consists of learning how to play our assigned roles from other people. We enact our roles in the company of others, who are in turn enacting their roles in interaction with us. He believed that whatever we do, we are playing out some role on the stage of life.
Dramaturgical model of self
to refer to our desire to manipulate others’ impressions of us on the front stage (the idealized self). According to Goffman, we use various mechanisms, called Sign Vehicles, to present ourselves to others. The most commonly employed sign vehicles are the following: social setting, appearance, and manner of interacting.
impression management
not just the study of how man and society evolved but profoundly interested in explaining and understanding the holistic aspects of man’s experiences that makes man human.
anthropology
used the concept of self (moi) but prefer the concept of persona (personne). Implicitly he focussed on the notion of person as a cultural category while he seemed to reserve the conception of self for the psychological dimension of personhood” (Meijl, 2008 p. 176). The concept of person is basically a cultural conception of a specific community while the concept of self was understood as a self-conscious agent that was constituted socially and psychologically.
marcel mauss
The Illusion of Wholeness’ tried to show how individual selves throughout the world continuously reconstitute themselves into new selves in response to internal and external stimuli. The self is generally not aware of these shifts in self-representation, which do not therefore thwart individual experiences of wholeness and continuity.
katherine ewing
stresses a person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose one’s own destiny, and positive human qualities.
humanistic perspective
In his hierarchy of needs, basic needs (biological/physical/physiological needs) should be satisfied first before the self can hope to satisfy the higher-order needs (safety and security/belongingness/love/esteem/cognitive/aesthetic/self-actualization/transcendence). Some psychologists claim that there is no particular order in the gratification of needs as long as the self seeks out to satisfy these, even partially.
abrham maslow
The self has two subsystems
self concept & ideal self
focuses on the unconscious mind and how childhood experiences shape a person.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
believes that personality is shaped by early experiences in life.
sigmund freud
The most primitive which is mainly focused on satisfying basic physical urges and desires
ego
operates unconsciously while the ego operates partly conscious and unconscious
id
concerned with social norms or rules or those that are considered moral. It is also called the moral compass or the conscience.
superego
responsible for balancing the id and the superego.
ego
developed his theory based on the idea that children actively construct knowledge as they explore and manipulate the world around them. They grow and their brains develop as they move through stages that are characterized by differences in thought processing. As a child develops, he or she forms schemas (schemes) or mental concepts that reflect his or her outer experiences.
piaget
