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Sem 1 > Psych Midterm > Flashcards

Psych Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

View that knowledge arises directly from what we observe and experience

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2
Q

Who best described Mind-Body Dualism?

A

René Descartes

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3
Q

What is Abnormal psychology research interested in?

A

Explaining how and why unusual and maladaptive behavior patterns develop by examining thoughts and emotions as well as the underlying biology of mental illness.

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4
Q

What is Behavioral genetics interested in?

A

Attempts to explain individual differences in behavior patterns in terms of variation in genetic structure and expression.

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5
Q

What is Cognitive psychology interested in?

A

How people process information and includes areas such as attention, perception, memory, problem solving, language, and thought.

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6
Q

What is Comparative psychology interested in?

A

The behavior of non-human animals, and it is often (but not always) interested in making a comparison to human psychology in an effort to discover underlying universals.

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7
Q

What is Developmental psychology interested in?

A

The way that people develop across the lifespan, including how our thoughts and behaviors change as we age

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8
Q

What is Behavioral neuroscience interested in?

A

Tries to understand how specific brain regions or activities produce behavior, allowing psychologists to understand the physical underpinnings of their observations.

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9
Q

What is Personality psychology interested in?

A

Individual differences, investigating how and why people act differently based on their enduring characteristics or traits.

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10
Q

What is Social psychology interested in?

A

How an individual’s thoughts and actions are influenced by the social environment and the presence of others

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11
Q

What is the major focus of applied psychology?

A

To solve practical problems

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12
Q

What is the difference between applied research and applied practice?

A

Research = done to discover a new or more effective way to solve some specific problem
Practice = actual application of techniques to the problems themselves

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13
Q

What is translational research?

A

The effort to translate basic findings into practical solutions. The distinction between translational and applied research can be confusing at first. Translational research is applied research, but it is necessarily based on an attempt to apply discoveries from basic research to practical problems.

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14
Q

Define clinical psychology

A

Focuses on identifying, preventing, and relieving distress or dysfunction that is psychological in origin

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15
Q

Whereas clinical psychologists tend to diagnose and treat more severe forms of mental illness, ___________ generally focus on helping people deal with ongoing life problems or stressors, or dealing with the transition from one life situation to another

A

Counseling psychologists

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16
Q

Clinical psychologists are often contrasted with ______, who are medical doctors that focus on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.

A

Psychiatrists

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17
Q

A contrasting position to empiricism is ______, which hypothesizes that some forms of knowledge are innate. Taken to its logical extreme, this position is called ________.

A

nativism, biological determinism

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18
Q

Popular in the early nineteenth century, ______ made the case that the shape of the skull was the result of the size of brain structures beneath it

A

Phrenology

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19
Q

Who is the founding father of modern psychology who also established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

A

Wilhem Wundt

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20
Q

Where introspection simply considered experiences of one individual, the process of ______ attempted to standardize the way conscious experiences were reported so that one person’s experiences could be compared to another’s more effectively.

A

systematic introspection

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21
Q

Titchener popularized the approach of breaking conscious experience into elementary parts, a movement in psychology that came to be known as ______

A

structuralism

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22
Q

Who was the founding father of American psychology?

A

William James

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23
Q

The position that psychologists must first understand the function of a behavior or mental process to understand how its parts work together is called ______?

A

functionalism

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24
Q

What movement is being defined by the following statement?
An approach to psychology that suggest observable behaviour should be the only topic of study, ignoring conscious experience.

A

Behaviourism

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25
Q

Who was the american psychologist who popularised behaviourism?

A

John B. Watson

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26
Q

What is a system for understanding the unconscious mind and treating the illnesses that stem from it and who founded it?

A

Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Frued

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27
Q

What is an approach to psychology that emphasizes the ability of humans to make their own choices and realise their own potential?

A

Humanistic Psychology

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28
Q

What studies specific virtues of human experience including topics such as happiness, trust, charity, and gratitude?

A

Positive Psychology

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29
Q

What do you call an approach to clinical psychology that uses different theraputic techniques based on their effectiveness for the current situation?

A

Eclectic approach

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30
Q

What are the 6 steps of scientific methods?

A
  1. Identify the problem
  2. Gather information
  3. Generate a hypothesis
  4. Design and conduct experiments
  5. Analyze data and formulate conclusions
  6. Restart the process
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31
Q

What are descriptive methods?

A

Any means to capture, report, record, or otherwise describe a group. Descriptive research is usually interested in identifying “what is” without necessarily understanding “why it is.”

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32
Q

What can be defined as observation of behavior as it happens in a natural environment, without an attempt to manipulate or control the conditions of the observation?

A

Naturalistic Observation

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33
Q

Describe the Hawthorne effect

A

How animals change their behaviours when they know they are being observed

34
Q

What is a research method in which a researcher becomes part of the group under investigation?

A

Participation Observation

35
Q

Memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as the motor skills involved in walking and riding a bicycle.

A

Procedural memories

36
Q

What is illusory superiority?

A

When people believe they are above the average

37
Q

Define Wording Effects

A

The influence of language, or wording, on people’s responses to survey questions

38
Q

Define Research Ethics

A

A set of principles or behaviours for psychologists to follow in research

39
Q

Decisional Impairement

A

Any instance when a potential participant has diminished capacity to provide informed consent

40
Q

Situational Vulnerability

A

Instances when the freedom of “choice” to participate in research is compromised as a result of undue influence from another source

41
Q

Confederate

A

A person who is acting as a participant, but in reality, is a researcher

42
Q

Glial Cells

A

Several different kinds of helper cells that assist neurons in their role as the brain’s communicators, and provide structural support.

43
Q

What are the two main types of neural cells and what are their functions?

A

Neuron = Main communicator
Glia = Perform numerous support functions in the nervous system

44
Q

Identify and state the function of component “C”

A

Dendrite. Responsible for receiving chemical messages from other neurons. They possess proteins called receptors that receive messages from chemical neurotransmitters

45
Q

Identify and state the function of component “B”

A

Soma (Cell Body). The location of metabolic processing in the cell and contains the cell’s organelles

46
Q

Identify and state the function of component “G”

A

Axon hillock. Beginning of the axon

47
Q

Identify and state the function of component “D”

A

Axon. Acts much like a wire, transmitting the signal from the soma to the end of the axon

48
Q

Identify and state the function of component “F”

A

Axon terminal. The part of the axon that releases the neurotransmitter. Once the action potential gets to the axon terminal, this triggers the release of the neurotransmitter.

49
Q

Identify and state the function of component “H”

A

Terminal buttons. The very edge of the axon terminal, where the neurotransmitter exits.

50
Q

Identify and state the function of component “E”

A

Myelin sheath. A protein and fatty substance that wraps around the axon to protect and increase speed of action potentials (electrical impulses).

51
Q

Identify and state the function of component “I”

A

Node(s) of Ranvier. Gaps in the myelin that allow ions to enter into the axon and change the charge inside.

52
Q

What is the first step of an action potential?

A

Threshold. The amount of voltage change required to trigger the opening of voltage-gated channels in the cell. This change is caused by Na+ entering the cell.

53
Q

What is the second step of an action potential?

A

Depolarisation. Occurs in the nodes of ranvier when the Na+ gates open and they flood the cell, making the inside positive and outside negative.

54
Q

What is the third step of an action potential?

A

Repolarisation. Occurs in the depolarised nodes of ranvier. The K+ gates open and the potassium leaves the cell, making the interior more negative like how it was originally

55
Q

What is the fourth step of an action potential?

A

Refractory period. The K+ channels remain open long enough to cause the neuron to become “extra” negative compared to surrounding fluid. This increased negativity causes the cell to be hyperpolarized and temporarily increases the difficulty of the cell to reaching threshold again.

56
Q

What is the final step of an action potential?

A

Resting state. The neuron stabilizes and returns to its resting state potential, typically this is listsed at -70mV for the average cell.

57
Q

______ mimic the action of an endogenous (naturally produced by the body) neurotransmitter. ______ prevent the action of the endogenous neurotransmitter

A

Agonists, Antagonists

58
Q

Myelin is made of protein and fat, and it is wrapped around the axons of some neurons in the brain and spinal cord by glial cells called _______. ______ do the same thing for nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.

A

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells

59
Q

Name a cell that contributes to the immune system of the brain.

A

Astrocytes and/or microglia

60
Q

____ carry electrical impulses AWAY from the CNS, and _____ carry electrical pulses TOWARDS the CNS

A

Efferents, Afferents

61
Q

Define pons

A

A network of cells in the brain stem (myelencephalon) that regulate awareness/alertness, sleep, facial expressions and motor functions.

62
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Regulating heart-rate and other basic life support

63
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Decision making

64
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Activating fear response, memory formation

65
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Acts as a gateway for forming new memories

66
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Activates when we feel “unpleasant”

67
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Maintaining homeostasis

68
Q

The ______ are several groups of neuronal circuits near the base of the brain that help to coordinate movement and assist in making movements more automatic.

A

Basal ganglia

69
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Helps coordinate movement and problem-solving

70
Q

What does Wernicke’s area help with?

A

Language comprehension

71
Q

What part of the brain is associated with visual processing?

A

Occipital lobe

72
Q

What part of the brain is associated with auditory processing?

A

Temporal lobe

73
Q

Which part of the brain, as its primary function, helps the two hemispheres of the brain communicate

A

Corpus callosum

74
Q

What is defined by “The processing of physical messages delivered to the senses.”

A

Bottom-up processing

75
Q

What is defined by “The integration of a person’s beliefs, memories, and expectations into their sensory experiences to create a perception.”

A

Top-down processing

76
Q

What is the order of which light enters the eye?

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Pupil
  3. Lense
  4. Retina
77
Q

The rods are responsive to _____ levels of light, and the cones are responsive to _____ levels of light

A

Low, high

78
Q

Diffuse bipolar cells send messages from the _____ to the ____. Midget bipolar cells send messages from the _____ to the

A

rods, M-cells, cones, P-cells

79
Q

What does the is the function of the stream known as the “What stream”

A

The ventral stream takes info from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe. Helps identify objects

80
Q

What does the is the function of the stream known as the “Where stream”

A

The dorsal stream takes info from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe. Identifies where an object is.

81
Q

Blue light is perceived by the ____, Red light is perceived by the ____, Green light is perceived by the ____

A

S-cone, L-cone, M-cone

Sem 1 (5 decks)

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