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Sem 1 > Health Studies > Flashcards

Health Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Disciplines - social sub disciplines

A

Sociology

Health geography

Medical anthropology

Health psychology

Health economics

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2
Q

Health records and statistics

Census data

Survey questionnaires

A

Quantitative data

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3
Q

Interviews

Focus groups

Observation techniques

Document analysis

A

Qualitative data

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4
Q

Social sciences

A

Sociology, psychology, geography, political science, anthropology

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5
Q

Humanities

A

English, history, the arts

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6
Q

Conceptually based fields

A

Draws attention to the relationship between broader social structures and individual or local experiences

E.g. cultural studies, women’s studies, Aboriginal studies

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7
Q

Professional practice disciplines

A

Relates to organizational practices and the relationships between professionals and their clients

E.g. Nursing, social work, rehabilitation science

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8
Q

Multidisciplinary

A

Involves several disciplines

Little interaction between researchers who work independently.

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9
Q

Interdisciplinary

A

Involves several disciplines

Theories and methods from each discipline inform the others

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10
Q

Transdisciplinary

A

Involves several disciplines

Researchers work beyond the limits of these fields

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11
Q

All of the social factors external to an
individual that may not seem relevant to
health, but ultimately shape the conditions
in which people live, work, and grow in
ways that can both promote well-being and
confer disease risk

A

Social Determinants of Health

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12
Q

Aspects of physical and social environments over which the individual has little to no control

A

Environment

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13
Q

Personal decisions or risks that the individual has control over.

A

Lifestyle

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14
Q

Aspects of physical and mental health that are a result of organic make-up

A

Human Biology

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15
Q

The institutional arrangements governing the provision of health services: access and quality

A

Health Organisations

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16
Q

Provided a definition of health promotion and outlined prerequisites for health

A

Ottawa charter for health promotion

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17
Q

Advocated for health promotion as a strategy to reduce health inequalities. Defined 3 mechanisms of health promotion
1. Self care
2. Mutual aid
3. Healthy environment’s

A

Epps report

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18
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations

A

Epidemiology

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19
Q

Biomedical model

A

illness is the result of a biological or physiological problem

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20
Q

Behavioural model

A

illness is the result of poor choices made by the individuals

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21
Q

Socio-environmental model

A

social and environmental factors that impact individuals

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22
Q

Focuses on the ecology (environment) of health behaviors and considers not only the individual making health choices but also the context in which these choices are being made. It encourages changes at the individual, community, and broader social level to support healthy behaviors

A

Ecological model

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23
Q

Socio-economic status (SES)

A

the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation.

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24
Q

Social Democratic

A

Firm commitment to redistributive policies

Lowest level of income inequality

Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Austria

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25
Q

Christian Democratic

A

Low support for redistributive policies

Do provide social programs

Higher level of income inequality

Italy, Belgium, France

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26
Q

Liberalism

A

Low support for redistributive policies

Social programs are weak, often means-tested

High level of income inequality

Canada, USA, United Kingdom

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27
Q

Conservative/Fascist

A

Little support for redistributive policies or social programs

Greatest level of income inequality

Spain, Portugal, Greece before political reform

28
Q

Social supports

A

Social networks comprise family, friends, work groups

Social networks and groups shape health behavior

Social supports provided by networks and groups have a protective effect on individual health

29
Q

Social capital = social fabric that binds communities together

A

Includes levels of trust, civic participation, group membership, etc.

Income inequality –> reduced social cohesion and social trust –>increased mortality

Low level of social capital –> less engagement in political processes, particularly among the disadvantaged –> less investment in social programs

30
Q

Driving and health

A

Driving decreases levels of physical activity, air quality

Neighborhoods are designed around the use of cars.

A “car culture” promotes urban sprawl and decreased social interaction.

This impacts the disadvantaged and overburdens public transit.

“Car cultures” impact local and global economies.

31
Q

Eating and health

A

Eating patterns are generally seen as an individual choice.

Eating behavior’s are influenced by factors related to social, physical, and economic environments.

Food is often used for shared cultural and symbolic meaning.

Government policies can influence eating behaviors through education programs and taxation.

32
Q

A philosophical theory stating that the mind and body are two separate entities

The body represents the physical aspects of being

The mind represents the non-physical (the ability to think, feel, and comprehend)

Allowed medical doctors to focus exclusively on the physical aspects

of functioning when trying to identify and treat illnesses and diseases

The separation of mind and body is one of main differences between the old and new practice of medicine.

Mind-body dualism also distinguishes biomedical medicine from

complementary and alternative forms of care.

A

Mind body dualism

33
Q

Reductionism refers to breaking a large system into its smaller parts.

When applied to the body, reductionism means breaking the complex functioning of the body into its individual parts—liver, heart, lungs etc.

A

Physical reductionism

34
Q

Etiology = the cause

In modern biomedical culture there is the belief that every disease has its own cause and origin.

It is medicine’s role to discover the cause & origin of diseases in order to properly treat the patient.

A

Specific etiology

35
Q

The body is depicted as a machine with multiple parts. All parts are viewed as important to the whole, but each part performs its own unique function.

This practice dissociates each part of the body from the other parts, along with any connection between diseases of each part.

A

Machine metaphor

36
Q

Diseases can be managed through strict control of one’s body and following specific regimens.

Proper nutrition, regular exercise, abstinence from drugs, and moderate alcohol consumption are examples of

A

Regimen and control

37
Q

Informal care

A

Implicit contract for care that is delivered through a pre-established relationship

Duties not always clearly outlined

38
Q

Formal care

A

Explicit contract for care between an agent and patient

Clearly outlined duties to be preformed

39
Q

Holism

A
  • Guiding principle for most CAM
  • An organism views as a whole system, cannot be seen as individual parts but as a sum of them
  • Ayurveda is an indian holistic teaching that includes diet, yoga and meditation
40
Q

Therapeutic Relationships

A
  • Holistic approach which assumes that the relationship between the practitioner and client is inherently beneficial and helps in healing
  • Dynamic and based on forming a partnership, requires empathy and empowerment
41
Q

Vitalism

A
  • The belief that self-healing is the basis for healing
  • The body is alive and well due to a special energy or force innately within themselves
42
Q

Homeopathy

A
  • Believes the body can cure itself
  • Uses small doses of a substance that causes stimulation of the bodies self-healing response
  • “Like cures Like”
43
Q

Naturopathy

A
  • Uses herbal remedies and natural techniques to heal the body
44
Q

Osteopathy

A
  • Osteopaths physically manipulate the body’s muscle tissue and bones to help the body self-heal
45
Q

Integrative Medicine

A
  • Uses both CAM and biomedical approaches
  • Describes healthcare systems as seamless, pluralistic and egalitarian
  • Diabetes for example requires biomedical approaches (insulin) and CAM (diet, lifestyle)
    Challenging, rarely used
46
Q

Evidence-based Medicine

A
  • Practitioners should use only effective and safe methods as determined by trials
47
Q

Free-Market Capitalism

A
  • Supply and demand with limited gov control
  • Believes countries should participate in world economy and that it should influence domestic economies
  • Creates poverty and inequality in poorer countries
  • Profit comes at the expense of the most vulnerable people
48
Q

Marketisation

A
  • When public facilities such as hospitals become increasingly like private business to attract customers
  • Can do things like improving the food served, adding recreational facilities or activities for patients etc.
49
Q

What is iatrogenic harm?

A

When a patients condition worsens due to malpractice or improper treatment by their healthcare provider

50
Q

______ is the # of deaths over a period of time across a specific population

______ is the prevalence and/or incidence of disease in a specific population

A

Morality, Morbidity

51
Q

Globalisation

A
  • The growing interdependence on the world’s economies, cultures and populations brought about by technology, trade, commodities and the flow of information
52
Q

Neoliberism

A
  • Economic freedom
  • Minimal amount of gov interference
  • Free markets are inherently good
53
Q

_______ invented the medical gaze. Which splits medicine up into _______ measures (patients own perspective) and _______ measures (medical, unbiased facts)

A

Michel Foucault, subjective, objective

54
Q

Technological determinism

A
  • Restricts autonomy of caregivers and silences the ill, increases medicalisation
  • Dominant force
  • Promotes the medical-industrial complex (industries use tech to increase their influence)
55
Q

Social Essentialism

A
  • More tolerant view of the use of tech in medicine, tech is merely a tool and their influence is determined by the users
  • Tech us reflects the dominant understand of health and illness at any given time
  • More of a focus on the roles and quality of the people using the tech rather than the tech itself
56
Q

What is the purest form of clinical data?

A

Electronic health data

57
Q

What is the NFP org. that applies the study of health informatics for health services research and population-wide health outcomes research in ON

A

ICES

58
Q

ICD Coding

A

Created by WHO, bar code for specific diseases as well as their cause and location

59
Q

Surveillance gaze

A

Addresses the idea of health norms and risk across populations (Risk %)

60
Q

Clinical Gaze

A

Focuses on limbs, organs and circulatory system

61
Q

The Nuremberg Code

A

Code of conduct that requires ethical and consented-to practices for trials / experiments in healthcare

62
Q

Lobbyists

A

Professional advocates that work to influence political decisions on behalf of individuals and organisations

63
Q

Libertarian

A
  • People have right to free speech, private property and safety
  • Minimal state involvement
  • No need for disadvantaged people to be helped by the state
  • Supports creation of institutions
  • Unregulated free-market
  • Health care is not a basic human right, should pay for more than bare minimum treatment
64
Q

Utilitarianism

A
  • Society is built around mutual expectations and the advantage of voluntary relationships
  • Greatest net balance of satisfaction
  • Healthcare is not a basic human right
65
Q

Marxism

A
  • Right to material resources
  • Individual duties to the natural rights of others
  • Individuals should serve the common interest
  • Healthcare is a basic human right, should be a benefit of labour
66
Q

Rawslain Theory

A
  • Individual has equal right to basic freedom
  • Equity for all citizens
  • Social and economic inequality should be arranged to benefit those who are least well off
  • Healthcare is a basic human right

Sem 1 (5 decks)

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