PSYCH LF PART 1 Flashcards
1
Q
SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY
Sought to analyze the adult mind defined as the sum total of experiences from birth to present in terms of the simplest definable components.
“Physical Framework”
“Analyze Consciousness”
“mental processes”
“consciousness=introspection”
A
Structuralism
2
Q
Two person involved in Structuralism
A
Wilhelm Wundt
Edward Titchner
3
Q
Who coined the term structuralism?
A
Edward Titchner
4
Q
Self observation of One’s own experience
A
Introspection
5
Q
It is the process of examining and measuring mental activities.
Developed by Wilhelm Wundt
A
Objective Introspection
6
Q
Father of Scientific Psychology
Established the first psychological laboratory in the university of Leipzig, Germany
Founded Psychology as a scientific discipline
A
Wilhelm Wundt
7
Q
States that the mind is made up of building blocks in the form of various types of sensation and perception and these building blocks could be discovered through introspection ( looking into one’s own mind )
A
STRUCTURALISM
8
Q
SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
“EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK”
Developed in the U.S
Study how the mind works so that an organism can adapt to and function on its environment.
A
FUNCTIONALISM
9
Q
What is functionalism’s most important contribution?
A
Changing the focus of psychology to
Learning
Motivation
Thinking
10
Q
He objected structuralism and believed that psychology should focus on reflexes or behaviors instead of internal or mental event.
A
William James
11
Q
Founder of functionalism which investigates the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure.
A
William James
12
Q
The ability of the mind to make a body work ( conciseness x behavior )
A
Functionalism
13
Q
Keyword : “unconscious”
A
Psychoanalysis
14
Q
Two personalities associated with Psychoanalysis
A
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
15
Q
States that libido is not only sex drive but also will to succeed.
A
Carl Jung
16
Q
Famous physician and psychiatrist who attempted to find the cause and cure of personality disorders.
Postulated the existence of UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESS
“LIBIDO”
His theories emphasized the importance of unconscious mind, childhood experience, dreams and symbolism
A
SIGMUND FREUD
17
Q
WHAT ARE THE THREE LEVELS OF CONCIOUSNESS
A
CONSCIOUS
PRE CONSCIOUS
UNCONSCIOUS
18
Q
STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- DEALS WITH REALITY
A
EGO (conscious)
19
Q
STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS
- deals with VALUES and IDEALS
A
superego (preconscious and unconscious)
20
Q
STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
deals with PRIMAL URGES (instincts)
A
ID (preconscious and unconscious)
21
Q
Sigmund’s method of treatment is called ________ which emphasizes the free association.
A
PSYCHOANALYSIS or PSYCHOTHERAPY
22
Q
Patient freely associate on his thoughts and experiences and with the help of psychiatrist analyzes the causes of difficulties.
A
PSYCHOANALYSIS
23
Q
States that personality develops through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure seeking energies of the ID become focused on certain erogenous areas.
A
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
24
Q
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:
Characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation.
A
Erogenous Zone
25
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT:
birth to one year
mouth
ORAL STAGE
26
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1 - 3 years
bowel and bladder control
ANAL STAGE
27
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
3-6 years
genitals
learn the difference between male and female
sexuality
PHALLIC STAGE
28
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
sexual feelings are inactive
puberty
LATENT PERIOD
29
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Puberty to death
maturing sexual interest
GENITAL STAGE
30
POSTULATED DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Anna Freud
31
Any group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that is unable to resolve.
Defense Mechanisms
32
What are the three clusters of defense mechanisms
NARCISSISTIC
IMMATURE
ANXIETY/ NEUROTIC
33
What are defense mechanism under NARCISSISTIC CLUSTER
PROJECTION
DENIAL
SPLITTING
34
"all good or all bad"
"black or white; no grays"
- The nurses from the day shift are great
The nurses from the night shift sucks.
SPLITTING
35
The conscious refusal to perceive that painful facts exist.
"avoid becoming aware of painful reality"
Ex. Not accepting the fact that she is diagnosed with cancer
DENIAL
36
Attribute feelings or thoughts to someone else.
A form of defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they appear as a threat form the external world.
Ex. " I don't like a boy named Mike, and I say " I know that dude hates me, I know it! "
PROJECTION
37
What are the defense mechanism under IMMATURE
BLOCKING
REGRESSION
SOMATIZATION
INTROJECTION
38
PSYCH PROBLEM BECOMES PHYSICAL
"I had a terrible headache during the exam "
SOMATIZATION
39
UNCONSCIOUS IMITATION
" The physician acts and dresses like the attending physician he admires the most "
INTROJECTION
40
TEMPORARY INABILITY TO REMEMBER
" I don't remember his name, It's on the tip of my tongue"
Blocking
41
A return to earlier stages of development and abandoned forms of gratification belonging to them, prompted by dangers or conflicts arising at one of the later stages. (going back to a child like stage)
"My 7 years old is bedwetting again, since he found out he is having a sister"
REGRESSION
42
DEFENSE MECHANISMS UNDER ANXIETY
```
ACTING OUT
DISPLACEMENT
DISSOCIATION
UNDOING
REPRESSION
RATIONALIZATION
REACTION FORMATION
ISOLATION EFFECT
INTELLECTUALIZATION
PASSIVE AGGRESSIVE
```
43
The redirection of an impulse usually aggression onto a powerless substitute target.
Addressing threatening feelings to less threatening people or objects.
"My dad was angry with my mother, and started yelling to my baby sister"
Displacement
44
The withdrawal from consciousness of an unwanted idea, affect or desire by pushing it down or repressing it into unconscious part of the mind. (subduing/not addressing the problem)
REPRESSION
45
Reality accepted without emotional response.
Isolation of affect.
46
Use of intellectual processes to avoid affective expression.
Intellectualization.
47
The cognitive distortion of the facts to make an event or an impulse less threatening. ROBIN HOOD MENTALITY
ex. I did not pass the exam cause it is way more difficult than the other years.
Rationalization
48
Emotional outburst.
Covers up reality.
TEMPER TANTRUMS
Acting Out
49
Unacceptable impulse turned into opposite.
Ex. Pyromaniac becomes a firefighter.
Reaction Formation
50
The ACTION of reaction formation.
Acting Out the reverse of the unacceptable behavior.
Ex. Pyromaniac putting down fire.
Undoing
51
Unconscious passive hostility.
ex. She agreed to share notes with me but after class, she went straight home.
Passive Aggressive
52
Separate from one's experience;
Like outer body experience
Ex. When woman was being raped, she felt like watching it from above
Dissociation
53
Expression of thoughts or feelings without discomfort
Ex. Im gonna die forever alone HAHAHA
Humor
54
Healthiest of Mechanism.
Diversion of INSTINCTUAL drives, usually sexual ones, into non instinctual channels. (Conversion of something negative to positive)
Ex. Pyromaniac starts working in a special fx company where he can blow things up.
Sublimation
55
Conscious forgetting.
Ex. I'd rather forget that my dog was ran over by a car.
Suppression
56
Any physiological service provided by a trained personnel that primarily uses forms of communication and interaction to ASSESS, DIAGNOSE, AND TREAT dysfunctional emotions, thinking and behavior.
PSYCHOTHERAPY
57
Psychotherapy / Psychoanalysis was invented by?
Sigmund Freud
58
A pxt's displacement or projection ONTO the ANALYST of those unconscious feelings originally directed toward important individuals (parents) in the pxt's childhood.
TRANSFERENCE
59
The therapist's unconscious rxn's to the pxt's transference.
Countertransference
60
Personalities involved in Gestalt Psychology
Koffka
Kohler
Wertheimer
61
believed that behavior is not determined by their individual elements but from the nature of the whole.
Max Wertheimer
62
States that the WHOLE is greater than the sum of its parts.
Wolfgang Kohler
63
It is the foundation of modern perception studies.
it focuses on the pattern formed by stimuli.
it means FORM, STRUCTURE and PATTERN
Gestalt psychology
64
Three people associated with BRHAVIORISM
John B. Watson
B.F Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
65
Pioneer of Behaviorism
John B. Watson
66
Study behavior without reference to consciousness.
Suggest that behavior can be explained by environmental causes.
Behaviorism
67
Is a result of interaction bet. the individual and the environment.
Personality
68
He Primarily supported behaviorism.
He argued that psychologist should only use "objective" methods and that their observations and measurements should be in form which could be verified or checked by other psychologist.
John B. Watson
69
He proposed OPERANT CONDITIONING
B.F SKINNER
70
Actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again in the future.
Conversely,
Actions that result in "Punishment" or "Undesirable consequences" will be weakened and less likely to occur again.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
71
Proposed Classical Conditioning
IVAN PAVLOV
72
A type of conditioned learning which occurs because of the subject's instinctive response.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
73
"REWARD SYSTEM"
by B.F SKINNER
OPERANT CONDITIONING
74
An active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.
OPERANT
75
Any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.
Reinforcement
76
Type of reinforcement where a behavior is strengthened by removal of something unpleasant.
Negative Reinforcement
77
Type of reinforcement where a response is strengthened by the addition of praise/reward.
Positive Reinforcement
78
the presentation of an outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows.
punishment
79
type of punishment that presents an unfavorable outcome in order to weaken the response it follows.
positive punishment
80
Type of punishment that Occurs when a favorable outcome is removed after behavior occurs
Negative Punishment
81
Experiment of B.F skinner
"environment is everything"
"changing the environment will change the individual"
Skinner Box
82
B.F skinner was able to demonstrate how one can modify behavior through a process he called: _____________
SHAPING
83
Ivan Pavlov's experiment involving stimulus and response
Pavlov's Dog
84
Anything that exist in the surrounding / that is presented.
Stimulus
85
The reaction to that stimulus
Response
86
In Pavlov's Experiment, the MEAT is the _________ which produces the NATURAL response or reaction.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
87
Anything in the environment that produces a reaction that's not a learned reaction is called?
"Something you don't need to learn"
Ex. Getting sick after being exposed to bacteria/virus/ pain after being pricked
Unconditioned Stimulus
88
The reaction to an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
Unconditioned Response (UR)
89
Identify what is the US and UR
Getting exposed to virus _____
Getting sick _______
US
| UR
90
Pavlov's experiment:
Pavlov rang a bell and the dog did not have a response to the bell.
The bell is the?
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
91
It does not produce a response.
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
92
Pavlov presented the meat to the dog and rang the bell at the same time, so the dog would associate the bell with the meat.
Eventually the dog will salivate with the sound of the bell.
___________ is the part when the US and CS are presented together. This increases the likelihood of a conditioned response. It is the part when the CONDITIONED RESPONSE is learned
ACQUISITION
93
Eventually, Pavlov took the meat away and just rang the bell by itself. The dog learned to salivate to the sound of the bell.
At this point, the bell is no longer the Neutral Stimulus because it produces a reaction. It is now the ________
Conditioned Stimulus
94
At this point, Pavlov has taught his dog to salivate at the sound of the bell. The dog salivation response to the bell is the _________
Conditioned Response
95
"This is the 25th time you rang the bell and there is no meat! I'm not falling for this joke anymore --- Pavlov's Dog"
_______ is when the conditioned response stops because the conditioned stimulus hadn't been presented to unconditioned stimulus for awhile.
Extinction
96
"Ok. I stopped salivating the last 50 times you rang the bell. But hopefully #51 is a charm and you will show me the meat --- dog"
__________ is when the conditioned stimulus (bell) produces the conditioned response after the behavior has been extinct.
Spontaneous recovery
97
It is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentation.
HABITUATION
98
Person behind Cognitivism
Jean Piaget
99
Explore mental processes and studies how the human brain works:
How we think
Remember
Learn
Acquire info, store and process it
Cognitivism
100
In contrast with behaviorism.
| Cognitivism focused on __________ or _____________ such as mental processes.
Unobservable Processes or COVERT behavior
101
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
Stage: ___________
0-2 years.
Children gather information about the world by their eyes, nose, ears, skin, mouth.
They also learn to move around.
Sensorimotor Stage
102
In sensorimotor stage, what do you call when infants don't recognize that objects still exist even though you can't see them.
OBJECT PERMANENCE
103
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
Stage: ___________
2-7 years
"mental operations"
Imagining things / mentally reversing action
PRETEND PLAY
use SYMBOLS
learn how to TALK
Pre-operational stage
104
In pre operational stage.
| What do you call when children don't understand that other people have different point of view than they do.
EGOCENTRIC
105
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
Stage: ___________
7-11 years
"idea of conservation"
children can identify that the two glasses has the same amount of water.
Concrete Operational Stage
106
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
```
Stage: ___________
12 years to adulthood
Able to reason out ABSTRACT concepts
Think of CONSEQUENCES of their actions
Moral reasoning begins to develop
```
Formal Operational Stage
107
Three people involved in HUMANISM
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
George Kelly
108
Humanism emphasized the unique quality of humans:
1.
2.
3.
1. Free will
2. Growth
3. Self Actualization
109
A type of conditioned learning which occurs because of the subject's instinctive response.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
110
"REWARD SYSTEM"
by B.F SKINNER
OPERANT CONDITIONING
111
An active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences.
OPERANT
112
Any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows.
Reinforcement
113
Type of reinforcement where a behavior is strengthened by removal of something unpleasant.
Negative Reinforcement
114
Type of reinforcement where a response is strengthened by the addition of praise/reward.
Positive Reinforcement
115
the presentation of an outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows.
punishment
116
type of punishment that presents an unfavorable outcome in order to weaken the response it follows.
positive punishment
117
Type of punishment that Occurs when a favorable outcome is removed after behavior occurs
Negative Punishment
118
Experiment of B.F skinner
"environment is everything"
"changing the environment will change the individual"
Skinner Box
119
B.F skinner was able to demonstrate how one can modify behavior through a process he called: _____________
SHAPING
120
Ivan Pavlov's experiment involving stimulus and response
Pavlov's Dog
121
Anything that exist in the surrounding / that is presented.
Stimulus
122
The reaction to that stimulus
Response
123
In Pavlov's Experiment, the MEAT is the _________ which produces the NATURAL response or reaction.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
124
Anything in the environment that produces a reaction that's not a learned reaction is called?
"Something you don't need to learn"
Ex. Getting sick after being exposed to bacteria/virus/ pain after being pricked
Unconditioned Stimulus
125
The reaction to an UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
Unconditioned Response (UR)
126
Identify what is the US and UR
Getting exposed to virus _____
Getting sick _______
US
| UR
127
Pavlov's experiment:
Pavlov rang a bell and the dog did not have a response to the bell.
The bell is the?
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
128
It does not produce a response.
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
129
Pavlov presented the meat to the dog and rang the bell at the same time, so the dog would associate the bell with the meat.
Eventually the dog will salivate with the sound of the bell.
___________ is the part when the US and CS are presented together. This increases the likelihood of a conditioned response. It is the part when the CONDITIONED RESPONSE is learned
ACQUISITION
130
Eventually, Pavlov took the meat away and just rang the bell by itself. The dog learned to salivate to the sound of the bell.
At this point, the bell is no longer the Neutral Stimulus because it produces a reaction. It is now the ________
Conditioned Stimulus
131
At this point, Pavlov has taught his dog to salivate at the sound of the bell. The dog salivation response to the bell is the _________
Conditioned Response
132
"This is the 25th time you rang the bell and there is no meat! I'm not falling for this joke anymore --- Pavlov's Dog"
_______ is when the conditioned response stops because the conditioned stimulus hadn't been presented to unconditioned stimulus for awhile.
Extinction
133
"Ok. I stopped salivating the last 50 times you rang the bell. But hopefully #51 is a charm and you will show me the meat --- dog"
__________ is when the conditioned stimulus (bell) produces the conditioned response after the behavior has been extinct.
Spontaneous recovery
134
It is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentation.
HABITUATION
135
Person behind Cognitivism
Jean Piaget
136
Explore mental processes and studies how the human brain works:
How we think
Remember
Learn
Acquire info, store and process it
Cognitivism
137
In contrast with behaviorism.
| Cognitivism focused on __________ or _____________ such as mental processes.
Unobservable Processes or COVERT behavior
138
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
Stage: ___________
0-2 years.
Children gather information about the world by their eyes, nose, ears, skin, mouth.
They also learn to move around.
Sensorimotor Stage
139
In sensorimotor stage, what do you call when infants don't recognize that objects still exist even though you can't see them.
OBJECT PERMANENCE
140
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
Stage: ___________
2-7 years
"mental operations"
Imagining things / mentally reversing action
PRETEND PLAY
use SYMBOLS
learn how to TALK
Pre-operational stage
141
In pre operational stage.
| What do you call when children don't understand that other people have different point of view than they do.
EGOCENTRIC
142
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
Stage: ___________
7-11 years
"idea of conservation"
children can identify that the two glasses has the same amount of water.
Concrete Operational Stage
143
Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development:
```
Stage: ___________
12 years to adulthood
Able to reason out ABSTRACT concepts
Think of CONSEQUENCES of their actions
Moral reasoning begins to develop
```
Formal Operational Stage
144
Three people involved in HUMANISM
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
George Kelly
145
Humanism emphasized the unique quality of humans:
1.
2.
3.
1. Free will
2. Growth
3. Self Actualization
146
RECITE MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
```
SELF ACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM
LOVE/BELONGING
SAFETY
PHYSIOLOGICAL (most important)
```
147
MASLOW's HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
```
Breathing
Food and Water
Sex
Sleep
Homeostasis, Excretion
```
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
148
MASLOW's HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Security of :
Body
Employment, Property, Resources
Family, Morality,
Health
Safety Needs
149
MASLOW's HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Friendship
Family
Sexual Intimacy
Love / Belonging
150
MASLOW's HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
```
Self Esteem
Confidence
Achievement
Self respect
Respect to others
```
Esteem
151
MASLOW's HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
```
Morality
Creativity
Spontaneity
Problem solving
Lack of prejudice
Acceptance of facts
```
Self Actualization
152
it is concerned with the FULLEST GROWTH of the individual in the areas of LOVE, SELF WORTH, FULFILLMENT and AUTONOMY.
"Person's Becoming"
Humanism
153
Theory under humanism:
In this theory by Carl Rogers, he stressed that in the development of individual's personality, the person strives for "self-actualization" or becoming oneself, "self maintenance" to keep on being oneself and "self enhancement" to transcend the status quo.
Self Centered Theory
154
Accdg. to this theory by George Kelly, individuals are said to perceive the world accdg. to their own experiences.
The perception affects their personality and leads them to direct their behavior to satisfy the needs of oneself.
Personal Construct
155
He discovered the Phenomenological Approach where he focuses on the SUBJECTIVE and personal experience of events known as INDIVIDUAL PHENOMENOLOGY.
most unscientific and difficult to measure
Being objective of human experiences
George Kelly's Phenomenological Approach
