BC LF Flashcards
1
Q
MOST ABUNDANT ORGANIC MOLECULE IN NATURE
A
CARBOHYDRATE
2
Q
MONOMER AND POLYMER OF CARBOHYDRATE
A
MONOSACCHARIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDE
3
Q
WHAT IS THE COMMON RATIO OR “HYDRATE OF CARBON”
A
Cn(H2O)n
4
Q
TWO FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
A
ENERGY SOURCE AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
5
Q
Macromolecules ar linked together by a process of removing water called:
A
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OR CONDENSATION
6
Q
Macromolecules are broken down to their component monosaccharides through?
A
HYDROLYSIS
7
Q
3 CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
A
MONO OLIGO DISACCHARIDE
8
Q
WHAT ARE YOUR MONOSACCHARIDES
A
GFGM
GLUCOSE (glu)
FRUCTOSE (fruc)
GALACTOSE(gal)
MANNOSE (man)
9
Q
WHAT ARE YOUR DISACCHARIDES
A
SML
SUC - sucrose
MAL - maltose
LAC - lactose
10
Q
WHAT ARE YOUR OLIGOSACCHARIDES
A
3-10 monosaccharides
11
Q
3-10 monosaccharides are found in?
A
Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies
12
Q
WHAT ARE YOUR POLYSACCHARIDES (7)k
A
starch glycogen cellulose chitin pectin gum peptidoglycan
13
Q
WHAT IS YOUR MONOMER OF PROTEIN CALLED
A
AMINO ACIDS
14
Q
POLYMER OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED
A
POLYPEPTIDES
15
Q
HOW MANY LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE ARE THERE?
A
4
16
Q
PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION IN CATALYSIS
A
ENZYMES
17
Q
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES
A
AMYLASE
CELLULOSE
PAPASE (papain)
18
Q
PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION FOR STRUCTURE (3)
A
COLLAGEN
FIBROIN
KERATIN
19
Q
EXAMPLE OF COLLAGEN
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX
20
Q
EXAMPLE OF FIBROIN
A
SILK
21
Q
EXAMPLE OF KERATIN STRUCTURES (4)
A
HAIR
HORNS
FEATHER
HOOVES
22
Q
PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION FOR MOVEMENT
A
ACTIN AND TUBULIN
23
Q
involved in cell movements of amoeba and sperm cells
A
ACTIN AND TUBULIN
24
Q
ACTIN AND TUBULIN ARE FOUND IN
A
FLAGELLA AND CILIA
25
PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION FOR DEFENSE (5)
```
SKIN KERATIN
FIBRINOGEN
THROMBIN
ANTIBODIES
SPINES OF SEA URCHIN
```
26
PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION FOR REGULATION
HORMONES
27
PROTEINS THAT FUNCTION FOR TRANSPORT
HEMOGLOBIN
| MYOGLOBIN
28
OXYGEN AND WASTE PRODUCT TRANSPORT
HEMOGLOBIN
29
TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN TO MUSCLE
MYOGLOBIN
30
PROTEN STORAGE FOR CORN
ZEIN
31
PROTEIN STORAGE FOR WHEAT
GLIADIN
32
PROTEIN STORAGE FOR EGG WHITE
OVALBUMIN
33
PROTEIN STORAGE FOR MILK
CASEIN
34
LIPIDS ARE DIFINED BY THEIR?
WATER REPELLING PROPERTY
35
LIPIDS CONTAIN?
3 FATTY ACIDS
| 1 GLYCEROL
36
LIPIDS ALSO CONTAIN NON POLAR HYDROCARBON GROUPS CALLED?
- CH3
| - CH2
37
3 FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
TRANSPORT
STORAGE
INSULATION
38
3 TYPES OF LIPIDS
OILS
WAXES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
39
IS LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
OIL
40
SOLID IN ROOM TEMPERATURE
WAX
41
WHAT ARE THE TWO FORMS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT?
MICELLE
| PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
42
AN AGGREGATE OF MOLECULES IN COLLOIDAL SOLUTION, SUCH AS THOSE FORMED BY DETERGENTS
MICELLE
43
OIL IS DERIVED USUALLY WHERE
PLANT
44
DERIVED USUALLY WHERE
ANIMAL
45
IS INVOLVED IN HEREDITY, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND ENERGY CARRIERS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
46
MONOMER OF NUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEOTIDES
47
NUCLEOTIDES ARE CONNECTED BY ?
PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS
48
WHAT ARE THE THREE COMPONENTS OF NUCLEOTIDE
NITROGENOUS BASE
SUGAR
PHOSPHATE GROUP
49
SUGAR OF NUCELOTIDE
RIBOSE, DEOXYRIBOSE
50
WHAT ARE YOUR 5 NITROGENOUS BASES:
```
ADENINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
URACIL
```
51
BASE PAIRS ARE CONNECTED BY ?
HYDROGEN BONDS
52
ADENINE IS PAIRED BY?
THYMINE
53
GUANINE IS PAIRED BY?
CYTOSINE
54
TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA AND RNA
55
SUGAR OF DNA
DEOXYRIBOSE
56
BASES OF DNA
A G C T
ADENINE
GUANINE
CYTOSINE
THYMINE
57
STRAND OF DNA
DOUBLE HELIXED
58
HELIX PATTERN OF DNA
HELICAL
59
SUGAR OF RNA
RIBOSE
60
BASES OF RNA
A G C U
61
STRAND OF RNA
SINGLE STANDED
62
HELIX OF RNA
NON HELICAL
63
Biological response of a system to changes in predetermined set points of the body
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
64
FEEDBACK MECHANISM FUNCTIONS IN?
MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS
65
TYPE OF FEEDBACK MECHANISM IN WHICH THE OUTPUT REDUCES THE EFFECT OF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
66
EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
THERMOREGULATION
67
TYPE OF FEEDBACK MECHANISM WHERE THE OUTPUT ENHANCES THE EFFECT OF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
68
EXAMPLE OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
OXYTOCIN PRODUCTION DURING LABOUR
69
WHAT ARE THE FOUR HORMONES SECRETE BY THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
GH
LH
FSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone/ ISH)
PROLACTIN
70
WHAT ARE THE HORMONES SECRETED BY POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND?
ADH
| OXYTOCIN
71
RELEASE OF TRH IN HYPOTHALAMUS WILL STIMULATE THE PITUITARY GLAND TO PRODUCE ____ AND RELEASE ______
TSH
| THYROXINE
72
INCREASED LEVELS OF THYROXINE
HYPERTHYROIDISM
73
HYPERTHYROIDISM IS CHARACTERIZED BY?
INCREASED METABOLISM
74
HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES CRH AND STIMULATES THE PITUITARY GLAND TO PRODUCE _____ AND RELEASE ____
ACTH
| CORTISOL - adrenal gland
75
EXCESSIVE GH CAUSES
gigantism
| acromegaly
76
Low levels OF GH CAUSES
DWARFISIM
| CRETINISM
77
HORMONE FOR OVULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORPUS LUTEUM
LH
78
HORMONES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF GAMETES
FSH / ICSH
79
INCREASED WATER REABSORPTION
ADH
80
CAUSES MYOMETRIUM CONTRACTION
OXYTOCIN
81
GLUCAGON IS PRODUCED BY
ALPHA CELLS OF PANCREAS
82
INSULIN IS PRODUCED BY
BETA CELLS OF PANCREAS
83
FUNCTION OF GLUCAGON
INCREASE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE IN LIVER
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
84
FUNCTION OF INSULIN
INCREASE STORAGE OF GLUCOSE IN LIVER
DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE
85
PTH INCREASES ___ CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD WHILE DECREASING ____ conc in blood
INCREASE CALCIUM
| DECREASE PHOSPHORUS
86
CALCITONIN DECREASES ____ in BLOOD WHILE INCREASING _____ CONC IN BLOOD
DECREASE CALCIUM
| INCREASE PHOSPHORUS
87
FUNCTION OF PTH
INCREASE CALCIUM RELEASE FROM BONES
88
FUNCTION OF CALCITONIN
INCREASE REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM TO BONES
89
DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ESTROGEN
90
THICKENING OF UTERINE WALLS
PROGESTERONE
91
DEVELOPMENT OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTOSTERONE
92
CARBOHYDRATES YIELDS THESE SUBSTANCES UPON HYDROLYSIS
```
POLYDROXY ALDEHYDES (aldose)
KETONES (ketose)
```
sugar
starches
cellulose
93
CARBOHYDRATES CONTAINING ONE SUGAR UNIT
monosaccharides
94
CARBOHYDRATES CONTAINING TWO UNITS
DISACCHARIDES
95
CARBOHYDRATES CONTAINING TWO OR MORE UNITS
POLYSACCHARIDES
96
IN A PIECE OF PAPER: WRITE THE FORMULA FOR DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS WHICH INVOLVES REMOVAL OF WATER)
MS + MS + ENERGY ------- D.S
97
FORMULA FOR THE PROCESS OF HYDROLYSIS
D.S -----hydrolysis---- M.S + M.S + ENERGY
98
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE
LACTOSE
99
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
MALTOSE
100
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
SUCROSE
101
ONE OF THE MOST COMMON MONOSACCHARIDES
GLUCOSE
102
OTHER NAMES OF GLUCOSE
BLOOD SUGAR
DEXTROSE
GRAPE SUGAR
103
ALSO KNOWN AS TABLE SUGAR
SUCROSE
104
IMPORTANT NUTRIENT FOR MAN AND IS A POLYSACCHARIDE MADE UP OF MANY GLUCOSE UNITS
CARBOHYDRATE STORAGE FOUND IN PLANTS
STARCH
105
CARBOHYDRATE STORAGE FOUND IN ANIMALS
GLYCOGEN
106
INSOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE FOUND ABUNDANT IN. THE TOUGH OUTER WALLS OF PLANT CELLS.
CELLULOSE
107
CARBOHYDRATES ARE FORMED FROM THE COMBINATION OF : ______ IN THE PRESENCE OF SUNLIGHT
CO2
H20
Chlorophyll
108
POLYSACCHARIDES YIELS THE MONOSACCHARIDES IT IS MADE UP OF BY?
HYDROLYSIS
109
CARBOHYDRATES UNDERGO _____ TO PRODUCE ALCOHOL
FERMENTATION
110
_____ and ______ will ferment with YEAST while ____ will Not.
SUCROSE AND MALTOSE FERMENTS
| LACTOSE DOES NOT
111
HOW TO IDENTIFY REDUCING SUGARS
FEHLING'S AND BENEDICT'S TEST
112
are identified by becoming oxidized by Cu2+ hence blue color disappears
REDUCING SUGARS
113
_____ and _____ SHOW REDUCING PROPERTIES except _____
MALTOSE AND LACTOSE EXCEPT SUCROSE
114
SUCROSE IS?
NON REDUCING SUGAR
115
MALTOSE AND LACTOSE ARE
REDUCING SUGARS
116
POLYSACCHARIDES ____ in tests for reducing sugars
NEGATIVE
117
Main constituents of living cells. Made up of amino acids linked through the nitrogen atom
PROTEINS (CHON)
118
WHAT DO YOU CALL AMINO ACIDS THAT HAVE BEEN ISOLATED FROM PROTEINS
ALPHA AMINO ACIDS
119
ACIDS THAT CONTAIN THE AMINE GROUPS AS WELL AS CARBOXYL GROUP
AMINO ACIDS
120
ACIDS THAT ARE REQUIRED BY MAN BUT CAN NOT BE SYNTHESIZED BY THE BODY
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
121
PROTEINS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED
POLYPEPTIDES
122
THE KIND OF ORDER OF AMINO ACIDS IN PROTEINS IS CHARACTERIZED BY WHAT STRUCTURE
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
123
STRUCTURE THAT REFERS TO THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PROTEIN MOLECULES
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
124
STRUCTURE THAT HAS TO DO WITH OVERALL SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE.
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
125
STRUCTURE THAT HAS TO DO WITH THE TYPE OF CHAIN AND HYDROGEN BONDING WITHIN THE MOLECULE
SECONDARY
126
SINCE PROTEINS CONTAIN AN AMINE GROUP WHICH IS BASIC AND A CARBOXYL GROUP THAT IS ACIDIC, IT ALSO FORMS A TYPE OF DOUBLE ION CALLED ?
ZWITTERION
127
THE pH VALUE WHERE THE PROTEIN IS NEUTRAL IS CALLED
ISOELECTRIC POINT
128
PROTEINS UNDERGOES THIS PROCESS TO YIELD AMINO ACIDS THAT IT IS COMPOSED OF
HYDROLYSIS
129
HOW TO DENATURE PROTEINS (ASHARPOS)
```
ALCOHOL
SALTS OF HEAVY METALS
HEAT
alkaloidal REAGENTS
RADIATION
pH CHANGE
OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
SALTING OUT
```
130
CAN DISRUPT H-BONDS AND SALT BRIDGES CAUSING IRREVERSIBLE DENATURATION
pH CHANGE
131
PRECIPITATED FROM MILK AS A CURD WHEN IT COMES IN CONTACT WITH THE HCL OF THE STOMACH
CASEIN
132
USED TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN IN URINE
HELLER's RING TEST
133
IN HELLER's RING TEST, THIS INDICATES PRESENCE OF ALBUMIN IN URINE
WHITE RING
134
DENATURE PROTEINS IRREVERSIBLY BY DISRUPTING DISULFIDE BONDS
OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
135
GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF OXIDIZING AGENTS
BLEACH AND NITRIC ACID
136
GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF REDUCING AGENT
SULFITES AND OXALATES
137
MOST PROTEINS ARE _____ IN SATURATED SALT SOLUTIONS AND PRECIPITATE OUT UNCHANGED.
INSOLUBLE
138
PROTEIN IS PRECIPITATED OUT WHEN PLACED IN A SATURATED SALT SOLUTION. GIVE EXAMPLES OF SATURATED SALT SOLUTIONS
NaCl, Na2SO4
139
PROTEIN CAN BE PURIFIED FROM SALT BY?
DIALYSIS
140
USED TO DENATURE PROTEINS AND DESTROY CANCEROUS TISSUES
X IRRADIATION
141
GIVE TWO EXAMPLES OF ALKALOIDAL REAGENTS THAT DENATURES PROTEINS BY DISRUPTING SALT BRIDGES AND HYDROGEN BONDS
PICRIC ACID AND TANNIC ACID
142
HAS BEEN USED EXTENSIVELY IN THE TREATMENT OF BURNS
TANNIC ACID
143
HEAT:
- ---- causes reversible denaturation
- ---- causes irreversible denaturation
GENTLE HEATING
| VIGOROUS HEATING
144
GIVE TWO SALTS OF HEAVY METALS THAT CAN PRECIPITATE PROTEINS
MERCURIC CHLORIDE AND SILVER NITRATE
145
ANTIDOTE FOR MERCURIC CHLORIDE WHEN TAKEN INTERNALLY
egg white + emetics
146
ALCOHOL COAGULATES (precipitates) ALL TYPE OF PROTEINS EXCEPT?
PROLAMINES
147
used as disinfectant because of its ability to coagulate the protein present in bacteria
70% ALCOHOL
148
ALCOHOL DENATURES PROTEIN BY FORMING _____
H BONDS that compete with the H BONDS NATURALLY OCCURRING IN THE PROTEIN
149
HOW MANY ARE NATURALLY OCCURRING AMINO ACIDS
20
150
PROTEIN DENATURATION IS THE DISRUPTION OF _____ STRUCTURE
TERTIARY
151
PROTEINS CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS ONLY
SIMPLE PROTEINS
152
PROTEINS CONTAINING PHOSPHORIC ACID, CARBOHYDRATES OR NUCLEIC ACIDS
CONJUGATED PROTEIN
153
FATLIKE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE ESTERS, ACIDS OR ALCOHOLS
LIPIDS
154
GIVE 3 EXAMPLES OF LIPIDS
FATS, OILS, WAXES
155
LONG CHAIN MONO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS THAT CAN BE SATURATED OR UNSATURATED
FATTY ACIDS
156
THESE ARE ESTERS OF GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS.
FATS AND OILS
157
ALL R GROUPS (from the acids) are the same in a __________
SIMPLE GLYCERIDE
158
HAVE SATURATED R GROUPS
FATS
159
HAS R GROUPS CONTAINING MULTIPLE BONDS
OIL
160
AN OIL CAN BE CONVERTED BACK TO A FAT BY ___________ IT TO FORM SATURATED R GROUPS
HYDROGENATING
161
THE NUMBER OF DOUBLE BONDS IN A FAT OR OIL CAN BE DETERMINED BY THE _________
IODINE NUMBER
162
TELLS HOW MANY GRAMS OF IODINE WILL REACT WITH 100 grams of fat or oil.
IODINE NUMBER
163
USED TO DETERMINE THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF A FAT BY MEASURING THE NUMBER OF MILLIGRAMS KOH THAT WILL REACT WITH ONE GRAM OF FAT TO FORM SOAP
SAPONIFICATION NUMBER
164
AN ALKALI METAL SALT OF FATTY ACID
SOAP
165
ARE ESTERS OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT MONO-HYDROXYL GROUPS
WAXES
166
ARE ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS
SIMPLE LIPIDS
167
LIPIDS THAT CONTAIN OTHER GROUPS SUCH AS PHOSPHORIC ACID, CARBOHYDRATES AND NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ALONG WITH ACID AND ALCOHOL
COMPOUND LIPIDS
168
LIPIDS OBTAINED BY HYDROLYSIS OF SIMPLE OR COMPOUND LIPIDS
DERIVED LIPIDS
169
EXAMPLE OF DERIVED LIPIDS
fatty acids and sterols
170
HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT CYCLIC ALCOHOLS
CHOLESTEROL
171
INCREASE IN THESE WILL INCREASE THE RATE OF REACTION
INCREASE IN AMOUNT OF ENZYME AND SUBSTRATE
172
COMPOUNDS THAT INCREASE THE ACTIVITY OF AN ENZYME
ACTIVATORS
173
COMPOUNDS THAT INTERFERE WITH THE ACTIVITY OF AN ENZYME
INHIBITORS
174
ENZYMES CONTAIN THIS THAT BINDS TO THE SUBSTRATE TO FORM AN ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX.
ACTIVE SITE
175
THE PROTEIN PART OF AN ENZYME IS CALLED
APOENZYME
176
THESE ARE REQUIRED BY ENZYMES BEFORE THEY CAN ACT EFFECTIVELY AND FREQUENTLY CONTAINS VIT B12
COENZYME
177
ENZYMES THAT CATALYZE OXIDATION - REDUCTION REACTIONS BETWEEN TWO SUBSTRATES.
OXIDOREDUCTASES
178
CATALYZE THE TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP BETWEEN TWO SUBSTRATES
TRANSFERASES
179
CATALYZE THE HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
HYDROLASES
180
CATALYZE THE REMOVAL OF GROUPS FROM SUBSTRATES BY MEANS OTHER THAN HYDROLYIS
LYASES
181
CATALYZES THE INTER CONVERSION OF CIS-TRANS ISOMERS
ISOMERASES
182
CATALYZES THE COUPLING OF TWO COMPOUNDS WITH THE BRAKING OF PYROPHOSPHATE BONDS.
LIGASES
183
HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES ARE FOUND IN
LYSOSOME OF CYTOPLASM
184
enzymes with the same function but slightly different structural features
isozymes
185
key metabolic enzymes whose activity can be changed by molecules other than substrate
allosteric enzymes
186
PRECURSORS OF ENZYMES
zymogens
187
MAIN CONSTITUENTS OF GENES AND VIRUSES IN THE BODY
NUCLEO PROTEINS
188
SELECT SPECIFIC AMINO ACIDS FROM A CELL AND TRANSFER THEM TO MESSENGER RNA's
TRANSFER RNAs
189
TRANSMIT THE GENETIC CODE FROM THE DNA IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
MRNA
190
PROCESS IN WHICH DIGESTED FOOD UNDERGOES CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE TISSUE
METABOLISM
191
TYPE OF METABOLISM THAT PRODUCES ENERGY FROM NUTRIENTS
CATABOLISM
192
TYPE OF METABOLISM THAT STORES THE NUTRIENTS OR PRODUCES PROTEINS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FORM THEM
ANABOLISM
193
KREBS CYCLE IS ALSO KNOWN AS
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
194
TOXIC AMMONIA IS REMOVED BY
CONVERTING IT TO UREA IN THE LIVER
195
SOURCE OF RESERVE FOOD AND CUSHIONS THE BODY
FATS
196
COMPOUNDS THAT ARE ESSENTIAL TO AN ORGANISM BUT CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED BY THE ORGANISM
VITAMINS
197
3 MAIN FOOD TYPES
CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEINS AND FATS
198
DRUGS WHICH ALTER BODY FUNCTIONS BY ACTING ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
PHARMACODYNAMIC AGENTS
199
DRUGS WHICH DESTROY ORGANISMS THAT ARE HARMFUL TO THE BODY
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
200
NATURE OF PROTEINS ALLOWING THEM TO PASS THRU FILTER PAPER BUT NOT MEMBRANE
COLLOIDAL NATURE
201
PROTEIN WITH NO BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IS CALLED
DENATURED PROTEIN
202
HAVE THE MOST AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONTENT
LIPIDS
LIPIDS>CARBOHYDRATES>PROTEINS
203
SUGAR COMPONENT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
PENTOSE
204
THREE TYPES OF BOND FOUND IN NUCLEIC ACIDS
H BOND
PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
N-GLYCOSILIC BOND
205
BOND BETWEEN COMPLEMENTARY NITROGENOUS BASES
H BONDS
206
BOND THAT CONNECTS NUCLEOTIES
PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
207
BOND THAT CONNECTS BASES AND SUGARS
N glycosilic bond
