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psych FL Flashcards

1
Q

spreading activation

A

relates storage of memories to the activation of a series of nodes

activation patterns of related nodes

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2
Q

depth of processing

A

how much one thinks about something

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3
Q

serial position effect

A

people recall the first and last the best

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4
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

holding visual and spatial info

(not relevant to word retrieval)

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5
Q

primacy effect

A

items presented first are recalled well, as they have already been put into long-term memory

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6
Q

recency effect

A

items presented last are recalled well, as they too have been put in LTM

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7
Q

interference effect

A

memories interfere with the ability to recall another

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8
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories hinder the ability to make new ones

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9
Q

meritocracy

A

social stratification is the result of personal effort or merit, that determines social standing

high effort = high social position

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10
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

child attains status different from their parents

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11
Q

social reproduction

A

emphasis on structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next

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12
Q

relative poverty

A

measure of wealth inequality– describing ones wealth relative to another

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13
Q

(formal) organization

A

organization– collection of individuals joining to coordinate their interactions towards a certain purpose

formal– has its own distinct characteristics, including rules and regulations, structure, objectives, and policies

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14
Q

Anomie

A

alienation one feels from a lack of social norms or the breakdown on social bonds between them and their community

= fragmentation of social identity

leads to feelings of aimlessness or purposelessness

occurs more frequently in periods of rapid change

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15
Q

Spearman general intelligence

A

one general intelligence which include mental operations that are primary in nature and are common to all performances.

g-factor = can be compared among individuals

s = specific ability

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16
Q

Gardner’s idea of 8 intelligences

A

logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal

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17
Q

galton’s idea of hereditary genius

A

intelligence has a biological basis

studied by measuring reaction times to certain tasksbi

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18
Q

binet’s idea of mental age

A

intelligence based on ability of an age group

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment

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20
Q

classical conditioning

A

stimulus or experience occur before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

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21
Q

observational learning

A

seeing, retaining

imitiation– replicating (mirror neurons)

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22
Q

latent learning

A

learned, but not expressed as an observable behavior until required

retained subconsciously

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23
Q

extrinsicly motivated behaviors

A

performed in order to receive something from others

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24
Q

kohlberg’s preconventional

A

Young kids: trying to maximize rewards and minimize punishment

stage 1– obedience and punishmend
stage 2– individual interest

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25
kohlberg's conventional
Adolescents and adults— Understand right and wrong in the context of one's society. This includes following rules and laws. stage 3-- interpersonal stage 4-- authority
26
kohlberg's postconventional
Only a few adults reach this— morals, ethics, what is just, etc. stage 5-- social contract stage 6-- universal ethics
27
norms and values
norms / rules-- society guides behavior values-- culturally-defined standards
28
Mead's I vs Me
I-- individual identity that is spontaneous and autonomous; the less socially competent one Me-- society's view; learn and form through social interaction
29
stimulus discrimination
respond differently to similar stimuli
30
stimulus generalization
demonstrate the conditioned response to stimuli that is similar to the conditioned
31
second-order conditioning
the first stimulus is made meaningulful, so it can be used to learn about the second stimulus
32
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
33
central nervous system
spinal cord + brain integration and processing of sensory information synthesizes sensory input to compute an appropriate motor response / output
34
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary movements such as those in the skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle
35
extinction
in operant conditioning, its when a reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely occurs at some point after reinforcement stops
36
variable ratio
the number of responses needed for a reward varies receive things in "random" fashion
37
fixed ratio
presentation of the reward after a consistent number of correct responses
38
variable interval
gets reinforcement based on varying and unpredictable amounts of time
39
fixed interval
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
40
implicit memory
long-term memories that are not consciously remembered, including procedural memories and emotional conditioning
41
procedural memory
a type of implicit memory which includes memories on how to do specific taks s (like riding a bike or emotional conditioning)-- not consciously remembered
42
sensory memory
related to senses active
43
working memory
learn and recall active
44
cortisol and gluconeogenesis relationship
direct more cort = more gluconeo = more blood sugar
45
sterotype threat
experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their group if negative stereotypes are presented, they are likely to become more anxious about their performance, hindering their performance ability
46
corpus callosum
connects the hemispheres of the brain and facilitates interhemisphere communication
47
what is the fovea
cones back in the eye responsible for acute vision in bright light, when looking directly
48
what is difference in hue: - wavelength - amplitude
wavelenght
49
which is difference in brightness - wavelength - amplitude
amplitude
50
charismatic authority
leadership concept where authority comes from how charismatic a leader is
51
reaction formation
defence mechanism where one will do the exact opposite of what they feel
52
regression
defense mechanism where employee would revert back to earlier stage of development
53
sublimation
defense mechanism where bad impulses are transformed into good ones
54
social constructionism
knowledge and experiences are not real, but exist because individuals and society give them meaning
55
state dependency effect
if you learned something in one condition, you will perform better under that condition (ex: study w mint in mouth, better on exam if you have mint in mouth)
56
what type of memory interference is the misinformation effect
retroactive interferenece-- when old memories are changed by new ones misinformation-- when a person's recall of memories becomes less accurate due to more info after an event
57
Dual coding effect
verbal and visual info are processed differently, by using both while learning, you can process info better easier to memorize words associated with images. relates to method of loci (imagine moving through a place, and a specific piece of information is in each place)
58
phenomena of working memory
- serial position effect - visuo-spatial sketchpad - phonological loop - dual coding hypothesis
59
source-monitoring error
source of the memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience I learned it on TikTok, but feel like I read it in an article
60
what is associated with sensorimotor
object permanence: objects exist even though you cannot see them
61
Preoperational stage things
- pretend play - egocentrism
62
concrete operational things
- conservation (water thing) - empathy - math skills - logical thinking
63
formal operational
moral reasoning
64
Psychodynamic Theory
relates childhood events to our adult lives
65
Behaviorist theory
considers actions as responses to external stimuli, driven by outcomes sees outcomes, not cognition, as the drive behind choices and behaviors
66
Trait theory
personality can be conceptualized by a set of common traits or characteristic ways of behaving that all exhibit
67
Humanistic Theory
one's subjective free will is the most important determinant of behavior
68
discriminative stimulus vs stimulus discrimination
used get a specific response consistently in the presence of a the stimulus ability to differentiate between a specific stimulus and a similar stimulus
69
reticular activation system
arouse cortex and maintain wakefulness so that sensory info and emotions can be interpreted
70
limbic system
emotion and memory hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
71
somatic nervous system
- part of the PNS - CNS -> skeletal muscles - external stimuli -> CNS - senses
72
cognitive appraisal
interpretation of a situation that influences the extent to which it is perceived as stressful
73
3 types of gated channels
- voltage (chemical) - mechanically (mechanical) - ligand
74
Actor-Observer Bias
actor judges by situational stuff happening to them observer judges by a quality they think inherent to the actor
75
Hindbrain
- pons, cerebellum, medulla
76
parietal lobe
sensation and perception
77
General Adaptation Syndrome
- alarm stage: fight or flight - resistance stage: continue - exhaustion stage: body gives up
78
cognitive dissonance
stress or discomfort experiences by one who holds to contracting beliefs, or is confronted with new info that conflicts with their existing beliefs
79
social loafing
put less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions arent evaluated reduced by: task more challenging, separate individual performance, make each individual matter
80
social facilitation
working with others rather than alone
81
social reproduction
societal structures that lead to inequalities being passed from one generation to the next
82
psychoanalytic theory
human behavior is a result of interactions between the id, ego, superego
83
nativist hypothesis
children have the innate biological ability to learn a language
84
linguistic relativity
the structure of the language influences the way its speakers conceptualize the world
85
working memory capacity (miller's magic number)
7 (+-) 2
86
divided attention
attend to different stimuli at the same time by using simultaneous attention allowing one to process different information sources and carry multiple tasks at a time
87
priming
exposure to a stimulus that influences an unconcious response
88
automatic processing
quick, involuntary, w/o active control
89
what comes before working memory
sensory memory holds info for a few seconds and then transfers it to working memory
90
types of implicit memory
- procedural - emotional conditioning
91
what kind of memory is episodic memory
explicit includes specific events / episodes
92
semantic memory
explicit memories of general knowledge or facts which we can consciously remember or recall
93
network redundancy
when interacting with those from the same / similar network, a lot of the social info u get will be redundant
94
homegeneity
doing multiple roles in the same community (pastor and teacher)
95
role strain
when incompatible behavior is within this one role my community council needs money but Dan says no
96
role conflict
when one person has 2+ roles and they conflict mom and doctor, they conflict
97
which is stable, which is intense, dyad and triad
dyad-- intense triad-- stable
98
conflict theory perspective
studying society by focusing on inequality between different groups. sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources and power between these groups sees change as abrupt and revolutionary and as a result of inequality change comes through conflicts between competing interests key words: inequality, distribution of resources and power
99
interactionism
interactions between individuals and its implication on social processes
100
functionalism
framework for building a theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
101

MCAT Notes (9 decks)

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