bio / biochem FLs Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptive Immunity

specific or nonspecific ?

A
  • SPECIFIC
  • must be activated
  • activated B and T cells are specific to the antigen
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2
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • NON-SPECIFIC
  • always on
  • wide range (ex: macrophages for inflammation)
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3
Q

cell-mediated (adaptive) immunity

A
  • responds to cells after they have been infected by the antigen
  • T-Cells
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4
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • antibody production / long-term protection
  • memory B cells
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5
Q

how many H bonds between G-C, between A-T ?

What does this mean for melting temperature and stability

A

G-C: 3
A-T: 2

G-C is more stable and has a higher melting point

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6
Q

role of these in nucleic acids

  • phosphodiester
  • H-bonds
  • glycosidic linkage
A
  • phosphodiester: covalent bonds that connect adjacent phosphate and sugar groups of adjacent nucleotides
  • H-bonds: hold base pairs together in twos
  • glycosidic: connect a molecule to a carb, like ribose
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7
Q

glucose epimers, and which C are they diff at

A

C2– Mannose
C4– Galactose

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8
Q

Glucose isomers and their determining factors

A
  • glucose: aldehyde C1
  • fructose: -OH C1
  • galactose: aldehyde C1
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9
Q

cyclic glucose and fructose

A

glucose = pyranose (6-ring)

fructose = furanose (5-ring)

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10
Q

relationship between gram positive bacteria and pH

A

G+ bacteria use H+ for energy, so it consumes H+, raising the surrounding pH

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11
Q

endocrine signaling:

  • autocrine
  • juxtacrine
  • paracrine
A
  • autocrine: on itself
  • juxtracrine: cells in close contact
  • paracrine: secretes and acts on nearby
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12
Q

endocrine vs exocrine signaling

A
  • endocrine: inside– so into bloodstream

-exocrine– outside– so out of body through glands

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13
Q

G protein-coupled receptor

A

transmembrane protein receptors that activate an intracellular G-protein (bind GTP and GDP) in response to an extracellular ligand binding

leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, which produces secondary messenger cAMP.

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14
Q

pI pH relationship when there is no net charge

A

pI = pH

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15
Q

Ionophore

A

compounds that bind to ions, allowing them to cross the plasma membrane

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16
Q

what elutes first in gel-filtration (size-exclusion) chromatography

A

larger molecules

17
Q

when in the CAC is FADH produced to enter complex II of the ETC

A

when succinate is converted to fumarate using succinate dehydrogenase

18
Q

Keq

A

equilibrium constant: products / reactants

19
Q

is insulin released by pancreatic alpha or beta?

glucagon ?

A

insulin = beta

glucagon = alpha

BI

20
Q

genetic material transfer

  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
A
  • transformation: the acquisition of genetic material from the environment by bacteria
  • transduction: how foreign DNA is introduced to cell. no contact needed
  • conjugation: exchange of nucleic acid between bacteria across conjugation bridges (F+ -> F-)
21
Q

interneurons

A

neurons only in the CNS– they integrate signal reception to motor action in the reflex arc

22
Q

conserved DNA

A

remains identical among species / has been maintained by natural selection, meaning it is beneficial to the species

23
Q

are introns or exons the non-coding regions that are removed

A

introns

24
Q

enhancer sequence

A

short DNA regions that increase the rate of transcription

25
Q

where does the majority of chemical digestion occur

A

duodenum

  • it also secretes some digestive enzymes
26
Q
A