bio / biochem FLs Flashcards
Adaptive Immunity
specific or nonspecific ?
- SPECIFIC
- must be activated
- activated B and T cells are specific to the antigen
Innate Immunity
- NON-SPECIFIC
- always on
- wide range (ex: macrophages for inflammation)
cell-mediated (adaptive) immunity
- responds to cells after they have been infected by the antigen
- T-Cells
Humoral immunity
- antibody production / long-term protection
- memory B cells
how many H bonds between G-C, between A-T ?
What does this mean for melting temperature and stability
G-C: 3
A-T: 2
G-C is more stable and has a higher melting point
role of these in nucleic acids
- phosphodiester
- H-bonds
- glycosidic linkage
- phosphodiester: covalent bonds that connect adjacent phosphate and sugar groups of adjacent nucleotides
- H-bonds: hold base pairs together in twos
- glycosidic: connect a molecule to a carb, like ribose
glucose epimers, and which C are they diff at
C2– Mannose
C4– Galactose
Glucose isomers and their determining factors
- glucose: aldehyde C1
- fructose: -OH C1
- galactose: aldehyde C1
cyclic glucose and fructose
glucose = pyranose (6-ring)
fructose = furanose (5-ring)
relationship between gram positive bacteria and pH
G+ bacteria use H+ for energy, so it consumes H+, raising the surrounding pH
endocrine signaling:
- autocrine
- juxtacrine
- paracrine
- autocrine: on itself
- juxtracrine: cells in close contact
- paracrine: secretes and acts on nearby
endocrine vs exocrine signaling
- endocrine: inside– so into bloodstream
-exocrine– outside– so out of body through glands
G protein-coupled receptor
transmembrane protein receptors that activate an intracellular G-protein (bind GTP and GDP) in response to an extracellular ligand binding
leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, which produces secondary messenger cAMP.
pI pH relationship when there is no net charge
pI = pH
Ionophore
compounds that bind to ions, allowing them to cross the plasma membrane
what elutes first in gel-filtration (size-exclusion) chromatography
larger molecules
when in the CAC is FADH produced to enter complex II of the ETC
when succinate is converted to fumarate using succinate dehydrogenase
Keq
equilibrium constant: products / reactants
is insulin released by pancreatic alpha or beta?
glucagon ?
insulin = beta
glucagon = alpha
BI
genetic material transfer
- transformation
- transduction
- conjugation
- transformation: the acquisition of genetic material from the environment by bacteria
- transduction: how foreign DNA is introduced to cell. no contact needed
- conjugation: exchange of nucleic acid between bacteria across conjugation bridges (F+ -> F-)
interneurons
neurons only in the CNS– they integrate signal reception to motor action in the reflex arc
conserved DNA
remains identical among species / has been maintained by natural selection, meaning it is beneficial to the species
are introns or exons the non-coding regions that are removed
introns
enhancer sequence
short DNA regions that increase the rate of transcription
