Psych Final - Memory

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Question 3

Memory

Answer 3

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning

Question 5

Storage

Answer 5

the retention of encoded information over time

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 8

Long-term memory

Answer 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 10

Automatic processing

Answer 10

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 11

Effortful processing

Answer 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Question 13

State-dependent memory

Answer 13

ability to remember based on location as well as mental and physical state

Question 14

Iconic memory

Answer 14

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 15

Spacing effect

Answer 15

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 16

Serial position effect

Answer 16

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 17

Imagery

Answer 17

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with encoding

Question 18

Mnemonic

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 20

Hierarchies

Answer 20

a way to move terms into your longterm memory by creating ways of organizing it

Question 21

Flashbulb memories

Answer 21

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 22

Amnesia

Answer 22

the loss of memory

Question 23

Implicit memory

Answer 23

retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 24

Explicit memory

Answer 24

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.”

Question 25

Rosy retrospection

Answer 25

the tendency to remember things as better than they were

Question 26

Echoic memory

Answer 26

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 27

Recall

Answer 27

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Question 28

Recognition

Answer 28

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Question 29

Relearning

Answer 29

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Question 30

Priming

Answer 30

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

Question 31

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 31

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 32

Proactive interference

Answer 32

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 33

Retroactive interference

Answer 33

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 34

Repress

Answer 34

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Question 35

Memory construction

Answer 35

reconstructing memories based on things you are told, even though they didn’t happen

Question 36

Misinformation effect

Answer 36

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 37

Source amnesia

Answer 37

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories