Psych Final - Learning & Intelligence

Question 1

Learned helplessness

Answer 1

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 2

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 2

verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 4

Operant conditioning

Answer 4

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 5

Associative learning

Answer 5

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences

Question 6

Shaping

Answer 6

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 7

Reinforcer

Answer 7

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 8

Punishment

Answer 8

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

Question 9

Positive reinforcement

Answer 9

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Question 10

Negative reinforcement

Answer 10

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Question 11

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 11

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 12

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 12

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 13

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 13

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 14

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 14

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 15

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 15

goals set by internal motivation

Question 16

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 16

goals set by external standards (rewards/punishment)

Question 17

Mirror neurons

Answer 17

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Question 18

Functional fixedness

Answer 18

lack of creativity (function of object is fixed, often due to learned helplessness)