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Psychology > Psych Final Exam > Flashcards

Psych Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

study how the mind works

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

started first laboratory for psychological research in 1879

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3
Q

Convenience Sample (A)

A

a group chosen because of its ease of study

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4
Q

Naturalistic Observation (A)

A

a careful examination of what many people or non human animals do under more or less natural conditions

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5
Q

Positive Correlation (A)

A

as one variable increases the other variable increases also e.g.. as height increases weight increases

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6
Q

Negative Correlation (A)

A

as one variable increases the other decreases e.g. as amount of exercise increases body weight decreases.

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7
Q

Independent Variable (A)

A

the item the experimenter changes or controls (the manipulated variable) (tested variable)

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8
Q

Dependent Variable (A)

A

the item that the experimenter measures to determine how it was affected (measured variable )

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9
Q

Control group (A)

A

a group of individuals that did not receive the treatment the experiment is designed to test.

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10
Q

American Psychological association (APA)

A

developed the ethical guidelines for reasearch on humans and animals; also provides malpractice insurance for psychologists

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11
Q

Association for psychological science (APS)

A

broke off from APA to on science

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12
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic material we inherit from our parent (e.g. you have one gene from blood type A and one gene from blood type O)

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype including bodily characteristic and behavior (e.g. you have blood type A)

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14
Q

Gene

A

sections along each chromosomes that direct the individuals development

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15
Q

Recessive gene

A

A gene that will not be expressed if paired with another recessive gene

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16
Q

Natural selection

A

favorable genes are more likely to survive and be passed down to future generations than those that are less favorable.

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17
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

cells specialized for communicating information

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18
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls voluntary muscles

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20
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary muscles (organs)

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21
Q

Preconscious memories

A

memories accessible to consciousness only after something calls attention to them

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22
Q

Unconscious

A

in classic Freudian theory a part of the mind that houses unpleasant memories feelings and desires outside of our awareness and not easily accessible.

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23
Q

Insomnia

A

The chronic inability to obtain the nessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behavior (a system not a disorder)

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24
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sudden attacks of extreme even irresistible sleepiness even in the middle of the day. Possibly caused by lack of or sensitivity to the chemical hypocretin.

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25
Q

Hypnosis

A

a condition increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship

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26
Q

Tolerance (A)

A

after someone has taken a drug repeatedly its effects grow weaker and weaker unless the dosage is increased.

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27
Q

Physical dependence (A)

A

someone who feels compelled to take the drug to reduce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

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28
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that boast energy,heighten alertness increase activity and produce a pleasant feeling.e.g. amphetamine,cocaine, ritalin, caffeine and nicotine

29
Q

Classical conditioning (A)

A

behavior is acquired (learned) by a process of associations

30
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (A)

A

is anything that consistently automatically causes an unconditioned (automatic) response (e.g. food)

31
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

a neutral stimulis that begins to cause a response after being paired with the UCS (food) e.g. song CS

32
Q

Operant conditioning (A)

A

behavior is acquired and modified response to the consequences of actions (reinforcement & punishment)

33
Q

Positive Reinforcement (A)

A

something good is presented as a consequence of performing the behavior (here’s a new car for your good grades)

34
Q

Negative Reinforcement (A)

A

something annoying is taken away as a consequence of performing the behavior (ex: clean your room or you’re not going out)

35
Q

Variable- ratio schedule (A)

A

reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses (e.g. pop quizzes sometimes after 1 chapter sometime after 2 chapters)

36
Q

Variable-interval schedule (A)

A

reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time has relapsed e.g. pop quizzes, sometimes once a week sometimes twice a week

37
Q

Retroactive interference (A)

A

forgetting old material when learning new material

38
Q

von Restorff effect (A)

A

the tendency of people to remember unusual items better the more common items

39
Q

Recall (or free recall) (A)

A

a retrieval method where you must reproduce info entirely from memory (e.g. essay test)

40
Q

Cued recall (A)

A

retrieval method where significant hints are given e.g. a fill-in- the blank test uses this method)

41
Q

Short term memory

A

30 seconds

42
Q

Semantic (A)

A

memories of general knowledge; including facts and concepts

43
Q

Episodic (A)

A

memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.

44
Q

Flashbulb memory (A)

A

extremely stressful or emotionally arousing personal or historical events that leave a vivid lasting and highly detailed memory

45
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg cels 1-2 weeks after conception. Zygote attaches to the uterine lining after 2 weeks and is the size of the period at the end of this sentence.

46
Q

Embryo

A

3-8 weeks.Major systems organs and structures of the develop. At 8 weeks embryo is about 1 inch long and weighs 1/7 of an ounce

47
Q

Fetus

A

a developing human from 9 weeks after conception until birth. Rapid growth and further development of the body structured organs and systems

48
Q

Babkin reflex

A

infaant lying down pressure on both palms causes head to turn straight ahead mouth to open eyes to close

49
Q

Babinski reflex

A

when side of foot is stroked from heel to toe toes fan out and foot twist inward

50
Q

Babbling

A

repeating constant vowel combinations such as ma ma ma ma ma

51
Q

Protowards

A

vocalizations that seem to have consistent meanings for a child and are used in attempts to communicate but do not closely resemble adults words in sound or meaning

52
Q

Overregulations

A

language errors in which a child applies does not know an exception to the rule

53
Q

Authoritative Parents (A)

A

set high standards and impose controls, but they are also warm and responsive to the child’s communications

54
Q

Authoritation Parents (A)

A

set firm controls but they tend to be emotionally more distant from the child they set rules without explaining why they are good rules

55
Q

Permissive Parents (A)

A

permissive parents are warm and loving but undemanding

56
Q

Indifferent or uninvolved parents (A)

A

spend little time with their children and do little more than provide then with food and shelter.

57
Q

Identity crisis (A)

A

an adolescents concern with decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding

58
Q

Identity diffusion (A)

A

those who have not yet given any serious thought to making any decisions and who in fact have no clear sense of identity

59
Q

Identity moratorium (A)

A

those who are seriously considering the issues but have nor made any decisions

60
Q

Sensation

A

is the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system

61
Q

Perception

A

is the interpretation of that information

62
Q

Pupil

A

is an adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters

63
Q

Cornea

A

is a rigid transparent structure on the very outer surface of the eyeball.it focuses light by directing it through the pupil

64
Q

Lens

A

is a flexible structure that can vary in thickness enabling the eye

65
Q

Accommodate

A

adjusting its focus for objects at different distances

66
Q

Visual receptors

A

covering the back surface of the eyeball

67
Q

Cones

A

utilized in color vision daytime vision and detail vision

68
Q

Rods

A

adapted for vision in dim light

69
Q

Blind Spot

A

point where the optic nerve exists the eye and where there are no receptors

Psychology (4 decks)

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